Exam (Chapter 7 & 8) Flashcards
What does Arnett consider to be the main aspects of emerging adulthood?
Exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities.
Emerging adulthood typically spans ages 18-25.
What is the difference between collectivist and individualistic cultures?
Collectivist cultures emphasize group goals and interdependence, while individualistic cultures focus on personal goals and independence.
Examples of collectivist cultures include many Asian and African societies, while Western societies like the US are often individualistic.
At what age does the aging process begin?
The aging process begins in early adulthood, typically around age 25.
This marks the start of gradual physiological changes.
What are the top 5 causes of death among young adults?
- Accidents
- Suicide
- Homicide
- Cancer
- Heart disease
These causes reflect both behavioral and health-related factors.
What factors affect why college students use alcohol?
- Social norms
- Peer pressure
- Stress relief
- Cultural influences
- Accessibility
College environments often promote drinking culture.
Define sex and gender.
Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to the roles and behaviors society considers appropriate for men and women.
This distinction is crucial in gender studies.
Define gender role, gender schema, gender concept, and gender identity.
- Gender role: societal expectations for behavior based on gender
- Gender schema: cognitive framework that organizes gender-related information
- Gender concept: understanding of one’s own gender
- Gender identity: personal sense of being male, female, or another gender
These definitions are foundational in gender psychology.
What is Kinsey’s model of the sexual response cycle?
The model includes four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Kinsey’s work was groundbreaking in sexual behavior research.
What hormones are related to sex, sexuality, and arousal?
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Oxytocin
These hormones play significant roles in sexual function and desire.
How are sexuality and sexual orientation discussed?
Sexuality encompasses a range of sexual behaviors and identities, while sexual orientation refers to whom one is attracted to.
This distinction is important in understanding human sexuality.
What are the characteristics of post-formal thought?
- Recognition of multiple perspectives
- Ability to integrate logic with emotion
- Understanding that knowledge is contextual
- Tolerance for ambiguity
Post-formal thought is often seen as a stage beyond formal operational thought.
What is associated with a college degree?
- Higher income
- Lower unemployment rates
- Greater job satisfaction
- Increased critical thinking skills
Educational attainment has long-term benefits across various life domains.
What are the characteristics of jobs typically held by women?
- Lower pay compared to male-dominated jobs
- Higher representation in caregiving roles
- Part-time or flexible work options
- Higher job security in certain sectors
Gender disparities in the workforce continue to be a significant issue.
Define temperament and personality.
- Temperament: innate traits influencing behavior and emotional reactions
- Personality: patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors shaped by both temperament and environment
These concepts are integral to understanding individual differences.
What are the attachment styles in young adulthood?
- Secure
- Anxious-preoccupied
- Dismissive-avoidant
- Fearful-avoidant
Attachment styles can influence romantic relationships and interpersonal dynamics.
What is Sternberg’s theory of love?
Sternberg’s theory includes three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
These components combine to create different types of love.
What are the negative consequences of hook-ups?
- Emotional distress
- Risk of STIs
- Relational confusion
- Potential for regret
Hook-up culture can lead to complex emotional and health-related outcomes.
Define polygamy, homogamy, endogamy, and monogamy.
- Polygamy: multiple spouses
- Homogamy: marrying someone similar in social characteristics
- Endogamy: marrying within a specific social group
- Monogamy: one spouse at a time
These terms relate to different marriage practices and social norms.
What are common issues with the eye during middle adulthood?
- Presbyopia
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
- Age-related macular degeneration
Eye health can significantly impact quality of life in middle age.
What exacerbates hearing loss?
Factors include age, exposure to loud noises, and certain medical conditions.
Hearing loss is a common concern in aging populations.
What are reasons why cancer is life-threatening?
- Uncontrolled cell growth
- Metastasis to vital organs
- Resistance to treatment
- Compromised immune function
Cancer’s complexity makes it a leading cause of death.
What are common aging issues in middle age?
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoporosis
These conditions require management to maintain health.
What are reasons for sleep disturbances in middle age?
- Stress
- Hormonal changes
- Health conditions
- Lifestyle factors
Sleep quality can significantly affect overall well-being.
Define climacteric, perimenopause, and menopause.
- Climacteric: transitional period leading to menopause
- Perimenopause: time when hormonal changes begin
- Menopause: cessation of menstruation
These terms are vital in understanding women’s health in midlife.
What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
- Crystallized intelligence: knowledge and skills accumulated over time
- Fluid intelligence: ability to reason and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge
These types of intelligence can change with age.
How is expert thought often thought of?
Expert thought is characterized by intuition, automaticity, and deep understanding of a specific domain.
Experts often exhibit a different cognitive process compared to novices.
What is the most common leisure activity during middle adulthood?
Reading
Leisure activities can vary widely among individuals.
What is Levinson’s theory and criticism of his theory?
- Levinson’s theory describes stages of adult development
- Criticism includes lack of empirical support and overemphasis on age-related stages
Levinson’s work has sparked significant discussion in developmental psychology.
What are ways to cope with stress?
- Exercise
- Mindfulness
- Social support
- Time management
Effective stress management strategies can improve mental health.
What is empty nest syndrome?
Feelings of sadness or emptiness experienced by parents after children leave home.
This phenomenon can affect parental relationships and mental health.
What are adult-focused parents?
Parents who prioritize their own needs and interests alongside their children’s.
This approach can impact the parent-child relationship.
What are the grandparenting styles?
- Involved grandparents
- Companionate grandparents
- Remote grandparents
These styles reflect varying levels of engagement with grandchildren.
What are subgroups of divorcees?
- Divorced parents
- Childless divorcees
- Older divorcees
- Recent divorcees
Each subgroup may face unique challenges post-divorce.
What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage of middle age?
Generativity vs. stagnation, focusing on contributing to society and guiding the next generation.
This stage is crucial for personal development.
What is Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?
A three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
This model describes how the body reacts to stressors over time.
