Exam (Chapter 5 & 6) Flashcards
What are the classifications of the BMI?
Underweight, Normal weight, Overweight, Obesity
BMI classifications help assess body weight relative to height.
What happens in the concrete stage of development?
Children begin to think logically about concrete events
This stage is characterized by the development of logical thought processes.
What is metacognition?
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes
Metacognition involves self-regulation and reflection on learning.
Which neurotransmitter is involved in ADHD/ADD?
Dopamine
Dopamine plays a key role in attention and reward mechanisms.
What is the most common fluency disorder?
Stuttering
Stuttering affects the flow of speech and can vary in severity.
What is Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?
Triarchic theory: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
Sternberg emphasizes the multifaceted nature of intelligence.
What occurs in brain development during middle childhood?
Increased myelination and synaptic pruning
These processes enhance cognitive efficiency and processing speed.
What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence?
Multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, etc.
Gardner identifies various types of intelligence beyond traditional IQ.
What is the Flynn effect?
The observed rise in IQ scores over time
This phenomenon indicates that intelligence test scores have increased across generations.
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence Quotient
IQ is a measure of intellectual ability relative to the population.
What are some learning disabilities discussed in this chapter?
Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, ADHD
These disabilities affect various aspects of learning and academic performance.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Expectations can influence outcomes in educational and social contexts.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-concept?
Self-esteem is how one values oneself; self-concept is the perception of oneself
Both concepts are crucial for personal development and psychological health.
What is Kohlberg’s theory of morality?
Stages of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Kohlberg’s theory outlines how moral reasoning evolves over time.
Who described stages in children’s friendships?
Bigelow and La Gaipa
Their work highlights the developmental progression of friendship in children.
What are Selman’s stages of friendship from early childhood?
Momentary playmates, One-way assistance, Two-way fair-weather, Intimate mutual sharing, Autonomous interdependence
These stages reflect increasing complexity in children’s understanding of friendship.
What are primary and secondary sex characteristics?
Primary: reproductive organs; Secondary: features like breast development and body hair
These characteristics differentiate male and female bodies during puberty.
What are the impacts of early puberty for girls?
Increased risk of body image issues, depression, and social challenges
Early puberty can lead to various psychological and social difficulties.
What types of eating disorders are discussed in this chapter?
Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, Binge-eating disorder
These disorders are characterized by unhealthy eating behaviors and body image concerns.
What is egocentrism?
The inability to differentiate between one’s own perspective and that of others
Common in children, egocentrism affects social interactions and understanding.
What is a personal fable?
The belief that one’s experiences are unique and not understood by others
This concept is often seen in adolescents as part of their identity development.
What is invisibility in the context of adolescence?
The feeling that one is not seen or understood by others
Adolescents may feel isolated or misunderstood during this developmental stage.
How can ethnic identity be determined?
Through cultural, social, and personal experiences
Ethnic identity is shaped by factors such as family, community, and personal reflection.
What is inductive reasoning?
Drawing general conclusions from specific observations
Inductive reasoning is a key component of scientific thinking and hypothesis formation.
What are the parts of the dual process model?
System 1: fast, automatic thinking; System 2: slow, deliberate thinking
This model explains different ways of processing information and making decisions.
What is psychological moratorium?
A period of exploration and experimentation in identity formation
This concept is crucial during adolescence as individuals seek their identity.
What is MAMA cycling?
A pattern of identity development involving moratorium and achievement
MAMA cycling reflects the dynamic nature of identity during adolescence.
What are the purposes of teen dating?
Socialization, identity exploration, emotional support
Teen dating serves various developmental functions beyond romantic interest.
What are the statistics of teen driving discussed in this chapter?
High accident rates, increased risk factors such as inexperience
Teen drivers face unique challenges that contribute to road safety concerns.
What is idealism in adolescence?
The belief in the possibility of achieving perfection and social change
Idealism can lead to strong convictions and activism among adolescents.
What occurs during brain maturation in adolescence?
Enhanced executive functions, pruning of synapses, increased connectivity
These changes support improved cognitive abilities and decision-making.
What is the teen circadian rhythm?
A shift in sleep patterns that favors later sleep and wake times
This biological change can affect sleep quality and daily functioning.
What information is provided about teen moms in this chapter?
Higher rates of socioeconomic challenges, educational setbacks
Teen motherhood poses significant obstacles for young mothers and their children.
