Exam : Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
Look and study over the regions of the brain
onppt
What are the protections of the brain?
bone
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid
blood brain barrier
What are the craial meninges?
comtinuous with the spinal meninges and mirror their structure and function
also have the same name as spinal meninges
What are the dura mater, arahnoid mater, and pia mater made up of?
dura mater: tough outer layer
arachnoid mater: spidery fibrous layer
pia mater : thin, delicate layer
how many layers is the cranial dura mater made up of?
2 layers
what are the two layers of the cranial dura mater?
external periosteal layer and the internal meningeal layer
What do the extensions of the dura mater in the brain form?
Hard, non-compliant membranes
What do the hard, non-compliant membranes do for the brain?
Divides the intercranial vault in various ways
What are the 3 divisions of the intercranial vault?
Flax cerebrii
Flax cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the flax cerebrii?
Strong sickle cell fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure and separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
What is flax cerebelli?
Small triagnular processes that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
Layers are similar as spinal meninges
Arachnoid mater is separated from dura mater by the ______ _____ which is in between the…?
Subdural space
Between the dura and arachnoid
What is the Subarachnoid space?
Between arachnoid and pia mater
The subarachnoid contains _____ and ______ ______.
CSF and blood vessels
The arachnoid villi do what?
Reabsorption
What is the choroid plexuses?
Hangs from the roof of each ventricle with clusters of capillaries enclosed by the pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells
What does the choroid plexuses produce?
Produces CSF at a constant
What do the ependymal cells do with CSF?
Use the ion pumps to control the composition of CSF and help cleanse the CSF by removing wastes.
CSF circulation occurs in what way?
Through lateral ventricles and fills the central canal to the median and lateral apertures to the subrachnoid space to the arachnoid villi into the blood of the superior sagittal sinus
How is the CSF circulation protective?
Protective because it acts as a cushion but also works to keep wastes and toxins out of the brain
The ventricles of the brain ____________ ______.
Cerebrospinal fluid
There are ____ C shaped lateral ventricles in _______ __________.
2, cerebral hemispheres
What is the lateral ventricle connecting to?
The 3rd ventricle via a channel
What is the channel that connects 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricles?
Interventricular foramen
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
In the diencephalon
The 3rd ventricle is continous with the __ ______ via the ________ ________ through the ______.
4th ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, midbrain
4th ventricle is located in the…?
Hind brain, dorsal to the pons
The 4th ventricle is continuous with the ______ ______ of the spinal cord?
Central canal
How does the vascular endothelium around brian capillaries differ from most other organs of the body?
it forms tight junctions wiht the end-feet of nearby astrocytes
As a result of the tight junctions formed with the feet of theastrocytes, what forms?
the blood brain barrier
What does the BBB do?
serves to isolate the paranchyma of the brain from many substances in the blood that would normally be able to gain access
What 3 parts make up the brain stem?
medullar oblongata,
pons,
midbrain
The brain ste is similar to the spinal cord, bit what is different?
similar in structure, but it contains embedded nuclei
also contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neuroal centers
the brain stem controls _____ _______ necessary for survival.
autonomic behaviors
the brain stem is associated with hoe many of the cranial nerves?
10 of the 12
Vital function centers are regulated by the _____ _____.
medulla oblongata
the cardiovascular center controls the …?
rate and force of heart beat as well as diameter of the blood vessels
REspiratory rhythmicity centers controls the…?
controls the rate and rhythym of breathing as well as coughing, vommitting, and sneezing centers.
What are the two external bulges called on the medullar oblongata?
pyramids
what are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata formed from?
by the largest motor tracts (corticspinal) in the body
within the respiratory group, what arethe two subdivisions?
dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
what is the dorsal respiratory group?
belived to be site for breathing rhythym
what is the ventral respiratory group?
contains neurons that have out put to both inspiratory and expiratory muscles
the ventral respiratory group is likely to contain neurons that serve as…?
off-switch to inspiration
the ventral respiratory group is not solely responsible for
rhythmic breathing
What isthe location of the pons
lies directly above the medulla and antrerior to the cerebellum
what does teh pons connect?
acts as a bridge connecting the cerebellum to the midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, and the spinal cord
what is the function. ofthe pons?
sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves V-VIII
-together with the medulla, the pons help control breathing
what is the pontine respiratory group?
it is a grop of neruons that acts as an off swtich to terminate medullary inspiratory activity from dorsal respiratory group.
during quiet breathing, the pontine respiratory group is normally?
normally inactive group during quiet breathing
which tracts cross the pons?
ascending, descending and transverse
what is the location fo the midbrain
inbetween diencephalon and the pons
what does the midbrain contain?
the pyrimidal motor tracts
axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts that conduct impulses from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, medullar and pons
Know the highlighted regions on slide 18
YES
What are the two nuclei of the midbrain?
red nucleus and the basal nucleus
what is hte unction fo the red nucleus?
relay nucleii for some descending motor pathways and part of reticular formation (system of small nucelii in the brain stem)
What is the ducntion of the basal nuclei?
helps initiate ad terminate movements, suppresses unwanted movements and controls msucel tone
what is the substania nigra?
fucntionally linked to the basal nuclei, but it is dark in color due to the neuromelanin and is a precursor of dopamine
How many hemispheres make up the cerebrellum?
two
what are the two hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?
vermis
what are the three lobes found in each hemisphere of the cerebellum?
anterior, posterior, flocclondular
What is the folia?
transversly oriented gyri
what is the arbor vitae?
distinctive tree like pattern of the cerebellar white matter
what do the superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to?
midbrain
what do the middle peduncles connect the cerebellum to?
pons
what do the inferior peduncles connect the cerebellum to?
medulla
