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A&P 1 > Exam : Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Exam : Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Look and study over the regions of the brain

A

onppt

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2
Q

What are the protections of the brain?

A

bone
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid
blood brain barrier

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3
Q

What are the craial meninges?

A

comtinuous with the spinal meninges and mirror their structure and function
also have the same name as spinal meninges

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4
Q

What are the dura mater, arahnoid mater, and pia mater made up of?

A

dura mater: tough outer layer
arachnoid mater: spidery fibrous layer
pia mater : thin, delicate layer

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5
Q

how many layers is the cranial dura mater made up of?

A

2 layers

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6
Q

what are the two layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

external periosteal layer and the internal meningeal layer

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7
Q

What do the extensions of the dura mater in the brain form?

A

Hard, non-compliant membranes

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8
Q

What do the hard, non-compliant membranes do for the brain?

A

Divides the intercranial vault in various ways

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9
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the intercranial vault?

A

Flax cerebrii

Flax cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

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10
Q

What is the flax cerebrii?

A

Strong sickle cell fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure and separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

What is flax cerebelli?

A

Small triagnular processes that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

Layers are similar as spinal meninges

Arachnoid mater is separated from dura mater by the ______ _____ which is in between the…?

A

Subdural space

Between the dura and arachnoid

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13
Q

What is the Subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

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14
Q

The subarachnoid contains _____ and ______ ______.

A

CSF and blood vessels

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15
Q

The arachnoid villi do what?

A

Reabsorption

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16
Q

What is the choroid plexuses?

A

Hangs from the roof of each ventricle with clusters of capillaries enclosed by the pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells

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17
Q

What does the choroid plexuses produce?

A

Produces CSF at a constant

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18
Q

What do the ependymal cells do with CSF?

A

Use the ion pumps to control the composition of CSF and help cleanse the CSF by removing wastes.

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19
Q

CSF circulation occurs in what way?

A

Through lateral ventricles and fills the central canal to the median and lateral apertures to the subrachnoid space to the arachnoid villi into the blood of the superior sagittal sinus

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20
Q

How is the CSF circulation protective?

A

Protective because it acts as a cushion but also works to keep wastes and toxins out of the brain

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21
Q

The ventricles of the brain ____________ ______.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

There are ____ C shaped lateral ventricles in _______ __________.

A

2, cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What is the lateral ventricle connecting to?

A

The 3rd ventricle via a channel

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24
Q

What is the channel that connects 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

A

Interventricular foramen

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25
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

In the diencephalon

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26
Q

The 3rd ventricle is continous with the __ ______ via the ________ ________ through the ______.

A

4th ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, midbrain

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27
Q

4th ventricle is located in the…?

A

Hind brain, dorsal to the pons

28
Q

The 4th ventricle is continuous with the ______ ______ of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

29
Q

How does the vascular endothelium around brian capillaries differ from most other organs of the body?

A

it forms tight junctions wiht the end-feet of nearby astrocytes

30
Q

As a result of the tight junctions formed with the feet of theastrocytes, what forms?

A

the blood brain barrier

31
Q

What does the BBB do?

A

serves to isolate the paranchyma of the brain from many substances in the blood that would normally be able to gain access

32
Q

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

A

medullar oblongata,
pons,
midbrain

33
Q

The brain ste is similar to the spinal cord, bit what is different?

A

similar in structure, but it contains embedded nuclei

also contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neuroal centers

34
Q

the brain stem controls _____ _______ necessary for survival.

A

autonomic behaviors

35
Q

the brain stem is associated with hoe many of the cranial nerves?

A

10 of the 12

36
Q

Vital function centers are regulated by the _____ _____.

A

medulla oblongata

37
Q

the cardiovascular center controls the …?

A

rate and force of heart beat as well as diameter of the blood vessels

38
Q

REspiratory rhythmicity centers controls the…?

A

controls the rate and rhythym of breathing as well as coughing, vommitting, and sneezing centers.

39
Q

What are the two external bulges called on the medullar oblongata?

A

pyramids

40
Q

what are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata formed from?

A

by the largest motor tracts (corticspinal) in the body

41
Q

within the respiratory group, what arethe two subdivisions?

A

dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

42
Q

what is the dorsal respiratory group?

A

belived to be site for breathing rhythym

43
Q

what is the ventral respiratory group?

A

contains neurons that have out put to both inspiratory and expiratory muscles

44
Q

the ventral respiratory group is likely to contain neurons that serve as…?

A

off-switch to inspiration

45
Q

the ventral respiratory group is not solely responsible for

A

rhythmic breathing

46
Q

What isthe location of the pons

A

lies directly above the medulla and antrerior to the cerebellum

47
Q

what does teh pons connect?

A

acts as a bridge connecting the cerebellum to the midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, and the spinal cord

48
Q

what is the function. ofthe pons?

A

sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves V-VIII

-together with the medulla, the pons help control breathing

49
Q

what is the pontine respiratory group?

A

it is a grop of neruons that acts as an off swtich to terminate medullary inspiratory activity from dorsal respiratory group.

50
Q

during quiet breathing, the pontine respiratory group is normally?

A

normally inactive group during quiet breathing

51
Q

which tracts cross the pons?

A

ascending, descending and transverse

52
Q

what is the location fo the midbrain

A

inbetween diencephalon and the pons

53
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A

the pyrimidal motor tracts
axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts that conduct impulses from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, medullar and pons

54
Q

Know the highlighted regions on slide 18

A

YES

55
Q

What are the two nuclei of the midbrain?

A

red nucleus and the basal nucleus

56
Q

what is hte unction fo the red nucleus?

A

relay nucleii for some descending motor pathways and part of reticular formation (system of small nucelii in the brain stem)

57
Q

What is the ducntion of the basal nuclei?

A

helps initiate ad terminate movements, suppresses unwanted movements and controls msucel tone

58
Q

what is the substania nigra?

A

fucntionally linked to the basal nuclei, but it is dark in color due to the neuromelanin and is a precursor of dopamine

59
Q

How many hemispheres make up the cerebrellum?

A

two

60
Q

what are the two hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?

A

vermis

61
Q

what are the three lobes found in each hemisphere of the cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior, flocclondular

62
Q

What is the folia?

A

transversly oriented gyri

63
Q

what is the arbor vitae?

A

distinctive tree like pattern of the cerebellar white matter

64
Q

what do the superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

A

midbrain

65
Q

what do the middle peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

A

pons

66
Q

what do the inferior peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

A

medulla

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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