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A&P 1 > Exam 3: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes > Flashcards

Exam 3: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

About how many neurons are there?

A

100 million

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2
Q

The spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves contain _____ ______ that control your most …?

A

`Reflex circuits, most rapid reactions to environmental changes

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3
Q

What is gray matter?

A

In the spinal cord contains major of postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP)

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4
Q

What is white matter?

A

In the spinal cord contains major sensroy and motor tracts to and from the brain

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5
Q

The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ______ ______.

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

The spinal cord extends from the _______ ______ of the occipital bone to its termination at the _______ ________ between ____- ____.

A

Foramen magnum, conus medullaris, L1-L2

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7
Q

As the cord arises from the conus medullaris, this region is called?

A

Filum terminale

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8
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Slender strand of fibrous tissue that provides support to the spinal cord

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9
Q

The cauda equina also known as the horses tail are the what?

A

Roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside to filum terminale

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10
Q

The spinal cord has two enlargements, what are they?

A

One in the cervical are from c4-T1 and anohte rin the lumbar area between T9- T12

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11
Q

The cervical enlargement correlates with the ________ ______ and _______ ______ to the ______ exteremities.

A

Sensory inputs and motor outputs, 

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12
Q

The lumbar enlargement handles the ____ _____ and _____ ______ to and from the ______.

A

Motor outputs, sensory inputs, legs

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13
Q

From superior to inferior, the spinal cord becomes progressively what?

A

Smaller

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14
Q

There is less and less _____ matter as we descend. Why?

A

White; because less and less white matter as we descend because there are fewer sensory tracts going up and there are fewer motor tracts going down

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15
Q

What are the protection of the spinal cord?

A

Bone

Meninges

CSF (cerbral spinal cord)

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16
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura mater 

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

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17
Q

The dura mater is made up of lots of what type of fibers?

A

Collagen fibers and is tough

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18
Q

The arachnoid mater is made up of what?

A

Spiderweb like middle laber of fibers

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19
Q

The pia mater is…?

A

Delicate layer right close to the spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the 3 potential spaces in the spinal cord?

A

Epidural: outside area

Subdural: between dura and arachnoid

Subarachnoid: deep to arachnoid

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21
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer coverung that is formed of collagen fibers

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22
Q

When the dura mater reaches the sacral canal, the dura mater does what?

A

tapers and blends wth components of the film terminal and forms the coccygeal ligament

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23
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

External to the dura mater

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24
Q

Anesthetics are often injected into the epidural space

Injection into thecorrect space is vital and mistakes can be vital

A

For fun knwo these

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25
Q

The arachnoid mater is the…?

A

Middle layer with weblike extensions

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26
Q

The arachnoid mater is separated from the _____ ______ by _____ ______

A

Dura mater, subdural space

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27
Q

What is the subarahnoid space?

A

Bewteen arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and blood vessels

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28
Q

What allows for CSF reasorption?

A

Arachnoid villi

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29
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

Needle introduced into subarachnoid space to collect CSF

The lumbar spine needs to be flexed so can go between the spinous processes

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30
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Delicate layer that adheres to the neural tissue that is made up of elastic and collagen fibers

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31
Q

What do the two _______ grooves divide the spinal cord into ____ and ______ halves.

A

Lengthwise, right and left

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32
Q

What are the two halves?

A

Ventral (anterior) median fissure

Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus (shallower)

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33
Q

What is the gray matter?

A

The region of spinal cord that is for integration and initiates commands

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34
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Area that carries information from place to place

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35
Q

The gray commissure encloses the?

A

Central canal

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36
Q

The gray commissure is the?

A

Connection of the lateral masses of gray matters

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37
Q

Overall, the gray matter reflects the amount of…?

A

Skeletal muscel innervation at that level

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38
Q

There is more skeletal muscle innervation in the?

A

Cervical and lumbar space

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39
Q

What are the portions of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal (posterior) horns

Ventral (anterior) horns

Lateral horns

40
Q

The dorsal horns are…?

A

Interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input

41
Q

Dorsal horns is the ______ site between the…?

A

Synapse site

First order sensroy neurons coming from the periphery to second order neurons which ascend the cord or exit back out as parts of reflex arcs

42
Q

The ventral horns are the?

A

Somatic motor neuron cell bodies whose axons ext the cord via ventral roots

43
Q

The lateral horns are the?

A

Cell bodies of autonomic (sympathetic) motor neruons serving visceral organs

44
Q

The lateral horns are only located in the?

A

Only thoracic and lumbar regions

45
Q

the visceral neurons reach the?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

46
Q

The somatic neurons innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle

47
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of neuronal axons that are all located in a specific area of the cord and all traveling to the same place. Higher or lower in the brain or cord

48
Q

The white matter of the cord is divided into what parts?

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn, ventral (anterior) horn, lateral horn

49
Q

The ascending sensory tracts are travling to the ______.

A

Brain

50
Q

Desending motor tracts are traveling to _____ _____

A

Spinal cord

51
Q

he ventral root o the spinal cord is the _______ tract aka _____ tract containing what type of fibers?

A

Efferent tract, output tract, contianing somatic and autonomic/visceral fibers (axons)

52
Q

What does the ventral root serves the _______ division of the PNS.

A

Sensroy division

53
Q

The doesal root ganglia is the?

A

Enlargement of dorsal root that contains cell bodies of sensroy neurons

54
Q

Ventral and dorsal roots are _____ and _____ to form the ______ ______ all along the spinal cord.

A

Short, fuse, spinal nerves

55
Q

The ventral roots innervate the?

A

Skeletal muscels

56
Q

THe dorsal roots conduct impulses from the _______ _____.

A

Peripheral receptors

57
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

58
Q

HOW many of each type of spinal nerve?

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar 

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

59
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit from and into?

A

From Central nervous system into peripheral nervous system

60
Q

ONce it enters the peripheral nervous system, they immediately split into…?

A

3 branches

61
Q

What are the 3 branches that the spinal nerve will form in the PNS?

A

Ventral ramus, dorsal ramus, rami communicantes

62
Q

The spinal nerves are _______ of ______ and _________ peripheral axons enclosed by ______ ______.

A

Bundles, myelinated and unmyelinated, connective tissue

63
Q

The back is innervated by ______ ______ via several _______.

A

Dorsal rami, branches

64
Q

The ventral rami of T2- T12 are ___________ nerve supply the muscels of the _____, ___________ _____ and _______ wall.

A

Intercostal, ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdomial wall

65
Q

All ventral rami except for ________ form networks called plexus

A

T2-T12

66
Q

What are the plexuses?

A

Cervical 

Brachial

Lumbar

Sacral

67
Q

What is the cervical plexus formed by?

A

Ventral rami of C1-C4

68
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

Skin and muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders, and diaphragm

69
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Major motor nerve and sensory nerve of the diaphragm 

70
Q

The phrenic nerve receives fibers from the ___- ___?

A

C3-C5

71
Q

What is the brachial pexus fromed from?

A

C5-C8 and T1

72
Q

What does the brachial plexus give rise to?

A

Gives rise to nerves that innervate the upper limbs

73
Q

What are the major branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary, median, ulnar, radial

74
Q

The ulnar nerve is the largest _________ nerve.

A

Unprotected

75
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

Median half of the hand

76
Q

The lumbar plexus arises from the..?

A

Ventral rami of L1-L4

77
Q

What does the lumbar plexus innervate?

A

Innervates the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genetalia, parts of the lower limb and psoas muscle

78
Q

What are the majro branches of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

79
Q

Thesacral plexus arises from the…?

A

Ventral rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4

80
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

Serves buttocks, pelvic, structures, perineum, and lower limb

81
Q

The sciatic nerve is the ____ and _____ nerve.

A

Longest and thickest

82
Q

The sciatic nerve innervates the…?

A

Hamstring, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot

83
Q

The sciatic nerve is composed of two nerves, what are they?

A

Common fibular, and tibial

84
Q

What is the dermatome?

A

Area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a singel pinal nerve

85
Q

All spinal nerves except for _____, participate in dermatoems

A

C1

86
Q

Most dermatomes overlap, so if one is destroyed what happens?

A

Spinal nerves will not cause complete numbness

87
Q

What are inborn reflexes?

A

Rapid, involuntary (autonomic), predicatble motor response to a stimulus

88
Q

Learned (aquired) reflexes are…?

A

Resulting from practice or repetition

89
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Pathway that a nerve impulse follows to produce a reflex

90
Q

Study the reflex arc diagram in notes

A

PLEASE

91
Q

In a spinal reflex the integration takes place in the _____ ____ not the _____.

A

Spinal cord not the brain

92
Q

The spinal reflexes can go in an out on the ____ or the ________ side of the cord

A

Same or opposite

93
Q

What are the two types of spinal relexes?

A

Monosynaptic and polysynaptic

94
Q

What is the monosynaptic spinal reflexes?

A

Sensory neuron with motor neuron

95
Q

What is the polysynaptic spinal reflex?

A

Involving interneurons

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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