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POSC 225 > Exam B > Flashcards

Exam B Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 models of public policy making?

A

1) Decision-making
2) Kings and Kingmakers
3) Multiple streams

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2
Q

The stages of Decision-making model focuses on what type of process?
What is this model driven by?

A

Focuses on a cyclical process

Driven by advocates, opponents, and public authorities

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3
Q

The Kings and Kingmakers model focuses on what?

A

Political ‘elites’, or small and insular group of those with financial and intellectual resources

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4
Q

In the Kings and Kingmakers model, there is a broad base of citizens who aren’t concerned, what are they called?

A

Apathetic citizens

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5
Q

Problem, Policy, or Politics stream?

1) Is the process by which policy proposals are generated, debated, revised, and put forth for serious consideration
2) Involves persuading policy makers to pay attention to one problem over others (aka agenda-setting).
3) Refers to political factors that influence agendas, such as changes in elected officials, political climate or mood, and the voices of advocacy or opposition groups

A

1) Policy
2) Problem
3) Politics

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6
Q

The problem, policy, and politics stream together creates what?

A

Policy window

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7
Q

What stream involves: public opinion and national mood?

A

Politics

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8
Q

What are some examples of policy entrepreneurs?

A

elected officials, career civil servants, lobbyists, academics, journalists

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9
Q

Policy entrepreneurs:

1) Highlight _____ of the _____ to dramatize it
2) Push for one kind of _____ ______ over another – invite policymakers to see for themselves
3) Present _____ ______ as the solution to a problem
4) “______ ___” by writing papers, giving testimony, holding hearings, getting press coverage, meeting endlessly….

A

1) indicators; problem
2) problem definition
3) specific policies
4) Soften up

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10
Q

Policy entrepreneurs convince officials to see the problem in what way? And to use what solutions?

A

See the problem the way they want it to be seen and use solutions they chose

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11
Q

Windows of opportunity open when…..?

A

Problems “float” by that advocates can attach their policy solutions to

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12
Q

Do windows of opportunity stay open long?

A

NOPE

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13
Q

Who pushes their solutions when windows of opportunity open?

A

Policy entrepreneurs

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14
Q

A Political Party is:
An organization of ______ similar people that nominates and elects its members to office in order to run the _______ and shape _____ _____

A

Ideologically
Government
Public Policy

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15
Q

Were political parties listed in the constitution? Why or why not?

A

NAH

The founding fathers feared factions

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16
Q

Why does it make sense to think of a 100-party system?

A

There are basically 2 parties for each state because each state is unique

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17
Q

________ = groups that are self-consciously organized and possess some discipline and cohesion

A

Factions

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18
Q

Clientelistic or ideological?

1) Concerned with a particular vision of the good society and are less occupied with the ‘retail politics’ of securing distributive benefits
2) Geared toward bargaining and striking compromises to secure desired benefits; not especially concerned by questions of political purity

A

1) Ideological

2) Clientelistic

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19
Q

Positions or interests?

1) the “what”- easier to see
2) the “why”- harder to see

A

1) Positions

2) Interests

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20
Q

A party organization needs approval from what on the national level?

A

FEC (Federal Elections Commission)

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21
Q

In Virginia, a recognized “political party” is defined as what?

A

An organization that has a state-central committee composed of registered voters each congressional district, a party plan and bylaws, and an elected state chairman & secretary

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22
Q

Political parties help us put candidates on what?

A

The ballot

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23
Q

What year was the office for republicans and democrats established?

A

1970

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24
Q

What national convention lead to a big change for parties because there was lots of violence due to war, assassination, etc…

A

1968 democratic national convention

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25
Q

What began during the 1968 democratic national convention?

A

Primaries

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26
Q

Political party power comes from what level?

A

The local level

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27
Q

Political parties are subject to what under what?

A

Tax under the IRS 527 code

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28
Q

Political parties to run the government in an electorate: what are political parties potentially doing that may not be done without them?

1) Promote citizen __________
2) Foster _______ between groups with different interests
3) Train individuals on the _____ ________
4) Identify and present ________ for elections

A

1) Participation
2) Cooperation
3) Political Process
4) Candidates

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29
Q

Political parties to run the government in the government:

1) “________ __ ______” of the US democratic process by creating a majority party
2) Fi

A

Greases the wheel

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30
Q

Reasons for two dominant parties:

Elections are by _______ v. ______

A

Plurality v. Majority

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31
Q

If you are not part of one of the two dominant parties, you face:

1) _______ barriers
2) Lack of ________ focus

A

1) Finance

2) Media

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32
Q

What are 5 qualities of American Elections?

MILIR

A

1) Money
2) Individualism
3) Localism
4) Incumbency
5) Redistricting

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33
Q

To vote or not to vote:

What is efficacy?

A

To what extent do you feel like you have a say in government

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34
Q

What is voter fatigue?

A

Tired of campaigns

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35
Q

What is Polity Isolation

A

Don’t feel like an accepted part of political society

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36
Q

What helps with polity isolation?

A

Asking citizens to vote

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37
Q

In virginia, does the valley (where we are) have high or low voter turnout?

A

LOW

actually the lowest

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38
Q

What is Rational abstention?

A

Dont have the time to learn about candidates/get to polls

39
Q

What are the 5 reasons people don’t vote?

A

1) Lack of efficacy
2) Voter fatigue
3) Rational abstention
4) Polity Isolation
5) Structure of Elections

40
Q

Who is more likely to vote?

1) Men or women
2) Under 25 or over 25 y/o
3) Married or not married
4) Rich or poor

A

1) Women
2) Over 25 y/o
3) Married
4) Rich

41
Q

Place in order from MOST likely to vote to LEAST likely

  • Blacks
  • Asians
  • Whites
  • Hispanics
A

1) Whites
2) Blacks
3) Hispanics
4) Asians

42
Q

In primary and general candidate elections, citizens can also vote for what?

A

Laws

43
Q

Legislative referendum includes questions asked by who?

A

Legislatures

Legislation is brought up twice with legislature, if it is passed it goes on the ballot for the citizens to vote on it

44
Q

Popular initiative or Referendum involves questions asked by who?

A

Citizens

45
Q

_______ = when citizens can say they don’t like the person they had elected and can vote to remove that person during the next election

A

Recall

46
Q

1) VA requires what type of ID to vote?
2) How many other states require this?
3) Is this the norm?

A

1) Photo ID
2) 6
3) No

47
Q

Is there a lot of variation in the technology used in elections?
Why or why not?

A

Yes, because of wealth

48
Q

_____ is used for REAPPORTIONING seats in the House of Reps

A

Census

49
Q

____ seats in the house fixed by law

A

435

50
Q

Reapportionment example:

In 1980 VA went from 10 to 11 seats in the house based on what?

A

Population growth

51
Q

Process by which redistricting occurs depends upon the ______

A

State

52
Q

“Traditional” redistricting principles include what?

There are 5

A

1) Compactness
2) Contiguousness
3) Preserving communities based upon socioeconomic qualities
4) Respecting natural boundaries
5) Compliance with relevant federal laws

53
Q

What is contiguousness?

A

Voters live next to people part of the same district

54
Q

_____ control US House and state legislative districts

A

States

55
Q

What is a Majority-Minority district

A

A legislative district where a demographic minority (usually race) in the state as the majority of the district, therefore increasing the likelihood the representative will be of that race

56
Q

SCOTUS ruled that state must show a compelling reason to use _____ as primary factors over traditional redistricting factors

A

Race

57
Q

What are the 2 most gerrymandered states?

A

North Carolina and Maryland

58
Q

Trustee, Clientelistic (instructed delegate, or Ideologically?

1) Making decisions based upon constituent views even if against ‘expert’ views
2) Making decisions as an ‘expert’ about what is in the public interest and representative of public views
3) Making decisions based upon party instructions

A

1) Clientelistic (instructed delegate)
2) Trustee
3) Ideologically

59
Q

Political Party, PAC, superPAC, 501c(4)…

1) Which ones distribute money to candidates?
2) Which ones must disclose donors?
3) Which ones don’t have to disclose donors?
4) Which ones do NOT donate to candidates?

A

1) Political party, PAC
2) Political Party, PAC, superPAC
3) 501c4
4) superPACs and 501c4

60
Q

In 501c4s, political activities is less an ____% of total activity

A

50%

61
Q

In the Citizens United case, SCOTUS said _____ speech deserves the same rights as individual speech

A

Corporate

62
Q

The Citizens United case lead to what?

A

superPACs

63
Q

Give an example of a

1) 501c3
2) 501c4
3) PAC

A

1) NRA foundation
2) NRA
3) Political Victory Fund

64
Q

What are the 5 types of interest groups?

A

1) Business/Agricultural/labor
2) Public Interest
3) Sectional
4) Attitude
5) Intergovernmental

65
Q

Match definition with type of interest group: Business/Agricultural/ labor, Public Interest, Sectional, Attitude, Intergovernmental

1) Focuses on specific segments of the demographic population
2) Focuses on specific economic interests
3) Combines similar public officials to influence other public officials
4) Focuses on public good issues
5) Focuses on specific cause or ideology

A

1) Sectional
2) Business etc…
3) Intergovernmental
4) Children’s Defense Fund
5) Attitude

66
Q

The iron triangle is part of what theory of democracy: pluralist or elite?

A

Elite

67
Q

Elite or Pluralist?

1) Where you have the most amount of money and access are the ones who really shape policy
2) Interest groups will represent the diverse interests in American society

A

1) Elite

2) Pluralist

68
Q

What are the 3 points in the iron triangle?

A

Congress –> Bureaucracy –> Interest Group

69
Q

Civil Liberties include protection from what?

A

Too much government intervention

70
Q

Civil Rights include protection from what?

A

Unequal Treatment

71
Q

The history or civil liberties began with what? What about after the cold war?

A
  • Began with British oppression and Bill of Rights

- Cold war lead to ensuring free speech of labor activists required limiting government action

72
Q

The history or civil rights began with what? What about after the cold war?

A
  • Began with Slaver and white/male elitism BUT all men were created equal
  • Cold war lead to dismantling laws enforcing racial inequality required government assertive action
73
Q

The shield approach is incorporated with civil ______

A

Liberties

74
Q

Civil Liberties in the Constitution are in what articles?

A

Article 1 Section 9

Article 3: trial by jury in state where crime is committed

75
Q

Civil Liberties are in what amendments?

A 
1-9
1) Limits actions of Congress
2-4) Limits actions of Executive
5-8) Limits actions of Judiciary 
9) Enumerated rights not the ONLY rights citizens have
76
Q

High Scrutiny by Courts means it is harder or easier for the government to argue?

A

Harder

77
Q

Is Privacy mentioned anywhere in the Constitution or Bill of Rights?

A

NOPE

78
Q

What was the most infamous case where the right to privacy was applied?

A

Roe v Wade

79
Q

What are the 4 limits on protected speech?

A

1) Commercial Speech
2) Libel (written) &Slander (verbal)
3) Obscenity
4) Fighting words

80
Q

What is an example of a limit on commercial speech?

A

Laws restricting how and where tobacco is advertised

81
Q

When does discrimination occur?
When the civil _____ of an individual are denied or interfered with because of their membership in a particular _____ or _____.

A

RIghts; Group or Class

82
Q

What amendment was the primary source of equal protection rights?

A

14th amendment

83
Q

In regards to the 14th amendment being the primary source of equal protection rights… what was it?

A

Those born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens of both U.S. and state residence

84
Q

________ was led by radical _______ who del that Confederale legislatures and their supporters should not be able to participate in ______.
(Post-Civil War)

A

Reconstructionism; Republicans; Government

85
Q

What are 4 Jim Crow laws used to get around the 15th amendment?

A

1) White primary
2) Literacy test
3) Poll tax
4) Grandfather clause

86
Q

What court case ruled that separate but equal was constitutional?

A

Plessy v. Ferguson

87
Q

What court case later reversed Plessy v. Ferguson?

A

Brown v Board of Education

88
Q

Describe the 1964 Civil Rights Act

A

Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, facilities, schools, and for federally funded projects

89
Q

Describe the 1965 Voting Rights Act

A

Suspended use of literary tests and voter disqualifications for 5 years

90
Q

Describe the 1968 Civil Rights Act

A

Prohibited discrimination in sale or rental of most housing

91
Q

4 classes methods of interpreting the Constitution

A

1) Textual
2) Doctrinal
3) Historical
4) Ethical

92
Q

Textual, Doctrinal, Historical, or Ethical?

1) Most important source is previous court decisions
2) Look at the words in the constitution; if the words are not in there, it doesn’t exist. Begin to look at grammar and punctuation
3) Living constitution; it changes over time according to contemporary societal standards
4) Look back at intention of those who drafted the document, and what history looked like, what laws did states have at the time

A

1) Doctrinal
2) Textual
3) Ethical
4) Historical

93
Q

What is the Attitudinal model of interpreting the Constitution?

A

Judges decide cases on their own ideology and vote for the outcome they like best

POSC 225 (3 decks)

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