Exam and quiz reviews Flashcards
What causes changes in regionally different populations of the same species?
dialects
What are some patterns of migration?
- early male arrival
- further female migration
- later female arrival
What are some benefits of flock life?
- Information sharing
- predator confusion
- team hunting
- detection of predators
What is a lek?
a location with multiple males displaying but one dominant male getting all the play
What are two mechanisms for sperm competition?
- Mate guarding
- frequent mating
Which breeding system has the largest testes size?
polyandrous (female has more than one male mate)
What are benefits for staying at the nest and helping to raise young?
- higher breeding opportunities later in life
- increased inclusive fitness
- no need to risk trying to find new territories
Which region of the brain is important for learning song?
LMAN
Which bird flies the furthest for migration?
arctic tern
What are some functions of calls?
- warning of predators
- mate communication
- begging
- coordinate mobbing
what are some mechanisms for bird navigation?
- geomagnetic fields
- star position
- sun position
- landmarks
- odor
What are some costs for migration?
- energetically costly
- increased mortality risk
what are some benefits for migration?
- lower overall energy loss due to stabilized metabolic rate
- more resources/food
- avoidance of competition
- reduced predation of nests
what are two typical bird behaviors before migration?
- hyperphagy (increased fat consumption)
- zugunrube (nighttime restlessness correlated to migration distance)
What are some costs to males for EPC?
- divorce
- reduced parental care
- reduced mate guarding
What some female benefits for EPC?
- increase genetic variability
- decreased chance of infertility
- acquisition of more resources
give an example of sequential tool use.
New Caledonian Crow can pull up a short twig hanging from a string and use it to get a longer stick from behind bars, then used the longer stick to get food from an even further distance.
Two advantages to participate in a lek, GO.
1) Learning: be an apprentice to a dominant successful male
2) Kin Selection: related males in a lek add to inclusive fitness
3) Sneaking: subdominant males can sneak in some play
4) Lek acquisition
Give some examples of tool use in birds.
- bread for fishing
- dung for baiting beetles
- hay straws for nest insulation
what are some birds with proportionally larger brains to body relative to the average?
- parrots, owls, crows, ravens, woodpeckers, hornbills
what are two processes that occur during the sensorimotor phase of song learning?
1) subsong “bubbling”
2) Song crystallization one syllable at a time
What is a staging area and give and example
- a feeding spot for migratory birds
- ex: red-knots and horseshoe crabs
What is inclusive fitness?
indirect + direct fitness
When did dinosaurs go extinct?
65 MILLION years ago
What is the correct order of ancient periods?
“hey TryJCT”
- triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary
what is the purpose of the alula?
reduce induced drag
what is true about uric acid?
- it is energetically expensive to produce
- it is insoluble in water
What muscle adjusts the lens of the bird’s eye?
Brucke’s
Give the order of food passage through a bird.
esophagus > crop > proventriculus > gizzard > intestine > cloaca
What is metabolic water?
water produced as a metabolic by product
what does the follicle collar do?
produces stem cells that become parts of the feather
name some anatomical proofs that birds are modern dinosaurs.
furcula, hollow bones, air sacs
Torpor does what?
reduces body temp and metabolic rate
What are the three flight theories?
1) cursorial
2) arboreal
3) wing- assisted incline running
What happens as airspeed increases?
- form drag increases
- induced drag decreases
Describe precocial.
- ready go from the moment of birth
- ancestral trait
- balances maturation with physical growth
Describe altricial.
- extremely vulnerable from moment of birth
- delays maturation, focuses on physical growth
define nidifogous
leaves nest right away
define nidicolous
remains in nest
Describe seasonality
- birds that live in areas of low variability will have smaller clutch sizes than areas of high variability.
which region has larger clutch sizes north or south, and why?
north due to larger variability in environment (seasonality)
what are two ways to determine long-term population trends?
- christmas bird counts
- breeding bird survey
