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Ornithology > Exam and quiz reviews > Flashcards

Exam and quiz reviews Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

What causes changes in regionally different populations of the same species?

A

dialects

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2
Q

What are some patterns of migration?

A
  • early male arrival
  • further female migration
  • later female arrival
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3
Q

What are some benefits of flock life?

A
  • Information sharing
  • predator confusion
  • team hunting
  • detection of predators
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4
Q

What is a lek?

A

a location with multiple males displaying but one dominant male getting all the play

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5
Q

What are two mechanisms for sperm competition?

A
  • Mate guarding

- frequent mating

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6
Q

Which breeding system has the largest testes size?

A

polyandrous (female has more than one male mate)

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7
Q

What are benefits for staying at the nest and helping to raise young?

A
  • higher breeding opportunities later in life
  • increased inclusive fitness
  • no need to risk trying to find new territories
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8
Q

Which region of the brain is important for learning song?

A

LMAN

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9
Q

Which bird flies the furthest for migration?

A

arctic tern

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10
Q

What are some functions of calls?

A
  • warning of predators
  • mate communication
  • begging
  • coordinate mobbing
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11
Q

what are some mechanisms for bird navigation?

A
  • geomagnetic fields
  • star position
  • sun position
  • landmarks
  • odor
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12
Q

What are some costs for migration?

A
  • energetically costly

- increased mortality risk

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13
Q

what are some benefits for migration?

A
  • lower overall energy loss due to stabilized metabolic rate
  • more resources/food
  • avoidance of competition
  • reduced predation of nests
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14
Q

what are two typical bird behaviors before migration?

A
  • hyperphagy (increased fat consumption)

- zugunrube (nighttime restlessness correlated to migration distance)

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15
Q

What are some costs to males for EPC?

A
  • divorce
  • reduced parental care
  • reduced mate guarding
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16
Q

What some female benefits for EPC?

A
  • increase genetic variability
  • decreased chance of infertility
  • acquisition of more resources
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17
Q

give an example of sequential tool use.

A

New Caledonian Crow can pull up a short twig hanging from a string and use it to get a longer stick from behind bars, then used the longer stick to get food from an even further distance.

18
Q

Two advantages to participate in a lek, GO.

A

1) Learning: be an apprentice to a dominant successful male
2) Kin Selection: related males in a lek add to inclusive fitness
3) Sneaking: subdominant males can sneak in some play
4) Lek acquisition

19
Q

Give some examples of tool use in birds.

A
  • bread for fishing
  • dung for baiting beetles
  • hay straws for nest insulation
20
Q

what are some birds with proportionally larger brains to body relative to the average?

A
  • parrots, owls, crows, ravens, woodpeckers, hornbills
21
Q

what are two processes that occur during the sensorimotor phase of song learning?

A

1) subsong “bubbling”

2) Song crystallization one syllable at a time

22
Q

What is a staging area and give and example

A
  • a feeding spot for migratory birds

- ex: red-knots and horseshoe crabs

23
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

indirect + direct fitness

24
Q

When did dinosaurs go extinct?

A

65 MILLION years ago

25
Q

What is the correct order of ancient periods?

A

“hey TryJCT”

- triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary

26
Q

what is the purpose of the alula?

A

reduce induced drag

27
Q

what is true about uric acid?

A
  • it is energetically expensive to produce

- it is insoluble in water

28
Q

What muscle adjusts the lens of the bird’s eye?

A

Brucke’s

29
Q

Give the order of food passage through a bird.

A

esophagus > crop > proventriculus > gizzard > intestine > cloaca

30
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

water produced as a metabolic by product

31
Q

what does the follicle collar do?

A

produces stem cells that become parts of the feather

32
Q

name some anatomical proofs that birds are modern dinosaurs.

A

furcula, hollow bones, air sacs

33
Q

Torpor does what?

A

reduces body temp and metabolic rate

34
Q

What are the three flight theories?

A

1) cursorial
2) arboreal
3) wing- assisted incline running

35
Q

What happens as airspeed increases?

A
  • form drag increases

- induced drag decreases

36
Q

Describe precocial.

A
  • ready go from the moment of birth
  • ancestral trait
  • balances maturation with physical growth
37
Q

Describe altricial.

A
  • extremely vulnerable from moment of birth

- delays maturation, focuses on physical growth

38
Q

define nidifogous

A

leaves nest right away

39
Q

define nidicolous

A

remains in nest

40
Q

Describe seasonality

A
  • birds that live in areas of low variability will have smaller clutch sizes than areas of high variability.
41
Q

which region has larger clutch sizes north or south, and why?

A

north due to larger variability in environment (seasonality)

42
Q

what are two ways to determine long-term population trends?

A
  • christmas bird counts

- breeding bird survey

Ornithology (10 decks)

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