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Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Decomposition

A

When one complex compound breaks down to two or more simpler compounds. Eg. NH4NO3 -> N2O + H2O

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2
Q

Synthesis

A

Reaction in which two or more simpler substances (elements) combine chemically to give a compound. Eg. 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O

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3
Q

Substitution (single replacement)

A

A single free element replaces or is substituted for one of the elements in the compound. Eg. 2K + 2H2O -> 2KOH + H2

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4
Q

Precipitation (double replacement)

A

When part of two ionic compounds are exchanged making two new compounds. Eg. BaCl2 + NaSO4 -> BaSO4 + 2NaCl

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5
Q

Neutralisation

A

Reaction between an acid and a base. A salt and water are the products. Eg. H2SO4 + CaCO3 -> CaSO4 + H2O + CO2

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6
Q

Redox

A

Reaction in which electron transfer occurs. Eg. 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl

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7
Q

Combustion

A

Chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with oxygen and heat is released. Eg. Fuel + O2 -> H2O + CO2

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8
Q

What are some examples of reactions at home that you speed up?

A

Frying an egg
Baking a cake
Caramelisation

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9
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

A

Heating makes particles in the reactants move faster and collide more often.

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10
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of a reaction?

A

The greater number of exposed particles, the frequency of collisions increases.

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11
Q

How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?

A

Lower energy required for a reaction to occur.

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12
Q

How does the amount or concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

More particles are present which increases the frequency of collisions.

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13
Q

Why must particles collide before they can react?

A

During chemical reactions, particles (atoms, molecules or ions) collide and are rearranged to produce new particles. The collision theory explains why some collisions result in reactions and other do not.

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14
Q

What are the key points of the collision theory?

A

For a reaction to occur, the reactants must:

  • collide with each other
  • collide with sufficient energy to break bonds within the reactants
  • collide with the correct orientation to break the binds within the reactants and so allow the formation of new products.
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15
Q

Why are metals malleable and ductile?

A

Metallic bonds are non-directional and layers of positive ions can simply slip over each other.

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16
Q

Why do non-metal atoms share pairs of valence electrons?

A

The valence electrons of non-metal atoms are eye strongly held. Hence, these electronegative atoms share their electrons and form covalent bonds.

17
Q

Phenotypes

A

Characteristics that result from the expression of an organism genotype. Phenotype both depends on genotype and the environment.

18
Q

DNA

A

Abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, it is the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism. DNA is composed of building blocks called nucleotides, which are linked together in a chain.

19
Q

Cell Division

A

A process that results in the production of new cells.

20
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division process that results in genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

21
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division process that results in new cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

22
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic instructions contained in DNA inherited from parents at a particular gene locus.

23
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Cells of the body that are not sex cells.

24
Q

Autosomes

A

Non sex chromosomes.

25
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound organelle containing the genetic material of DNA.

26
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tiny thread like structures inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

27
Q

Fertilisation

A

Penetration of the ova by sperm.

28
Q

Dominant

A

Refers to a trait (phenotype) that requires only one allele to be present for its expression in a heterozygote.

29
Q

Recessive

A

Refers to a trait that will only be expressed in the absence of an allele for the dominant trait.

30
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a characteristic in the genotype.

31
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a characteristic.

32
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms a gene for a particular characteristic. Each allele is characterised for a slightly different nucleotide sequence.

33
Q

RNA

A

Type of nucleic acid and is made up of nucleotides. Ribonucleic acid. RNA contains the sugar ribose and uracil is one of the nitrogenous bases.

34
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA molecule with a coded set of instructions in its base sequence for a specific protein product when expressed may determine the characteristics of an organism.

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