Exam Flashcards
Information Technology
tool used to work with information and to support the information / information processing needs of an organization
You can buy IT but not IS
Information System
collects / processes / stores / analyzes information for a specific purpose
You can buy IT but not IS
Effects of unreliable Information Technology
- employee overtime
- costly mistakes
- bad publicity
MIS
Management Information Systems
Informed User
Person knowledgeable about information systems and information technology
Why be an Informed User?
- benefit from your organization’s IT applications
- can enhance organization’s IT applications
- can recommend IT applications
- more productivity
- easier to start your own business
Why is managing information resources difficult?
- rely heavily on them
- expensive
- constantly evolving
IT Department division depends on…
- size of organization
- amount/type of resources
- organization’s attitude
- maturity level of technology
Traditional Functions of MIS department
- systems development
- systems project management
- computer operations
- staffing, training, developing IS skills
- planning, development and control
- technical services
Data
aren’t organized
Information
data that has been organized
Knowledge
data/info that has been organized/processed
Computer-based information system
uses computer technology to preform its tasks
Hardware
displays data/info
Database
collection of data
Software
enables hardware
Network
permits computers to share resources
procedures
instructions for combining hardware/software/database/network
Major capabilities of information systems
- numerical computations
- communication among organizations
- storage of info
- access to worldwide info
FAIS
Functional Area Information System
Functional Area Information System (FAIS)
collection of application programs in a single department
Application
supports specific tasks / business procedures
TPS
transaction processing systems
MIS
management information systems
ERP
enterprise resource planning
CRM
customer relationship management
SCM
supply chain management
Examples of FAIS
- finance IS
- accounting IS
- production/operations management (POM)
- marketing IS
Information systems that support the entire organization
- ERP
- TPS
TPS
Transaction Processing System
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
supports monitoring / collection / storage / processing of data from business transactions
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
correct lack of communication within organization by putting into a common database
Electronic Commerce Systems
enable organizations to conduct transactions with B2C electronic commerce
B2C
business to customer
IOSs
Inter-organizational Information Systems
Inter-organizational Information Systems (IOS)
information systems that connect 2 or more organizations
Supply Chain
flow of materials/info/money/services from suppliers through factories/warehouses to customers
Knowledge Workers
experts in a particular subject
Office automation systems (OASs)
support staff
Business Intelligence Systems
provide computer based support for complex decisions
Function of functional area IS
supports the activities within specific functional area
ex: system for processing payroll
Function of Transaction processing system
processes transaction data from business events
ex: walmart checkout point-of-sale terminal
Function of Enterprise resource planning
integrates all functional areas of the organization
ex: Oracle, SAP system
Function of Management information system
produces reports summarized from the transaction data, usually in one functional area
ex: report on total sales for each customer
Function of Decision Support System
provides access to data and analysis tools
ex: “What-if” analysis of changes in budget
Function of Expert System
mimics human expert in particular area and makes decisions
ex: credit card approval analysis
Function of Executive Dashboard
presents structured, summarized information about aspects of business important to executives
ex: status of sales by product
Function of Supply Chain Management System
manages flows of products, services and information among organizations
ex: walmart retail link system connecting suppliers to walmart
Function of Electronic commerce system
enables transactions among organizations and between organizations and customers
ex: payment processes at www.dell.com
How does IT affect organizations?
- affects entire industries
- reduces the number of middle managers
- changes the manager’s job
- eliminate + create jobs
- affects employees at work
- employee health + safety
- opportunities for people with disabilities
Importance of Information Systems to Society
- quality of life
- robot revolution is here
- improvements in health care
Web 2.0
encourage user participation / social interaction / collaboration
Folksonomies
user-generated classifications that use tags to categorize/retrieve web content
Tag
term that describes a piece of info
Geottagging
tagging info on maps
RSS
really simple syndication
Really Simple Syndicate (RSS)
allows anyone to publish content to anyone who has an interest in subscribing to it
Blogsphere
blogs on web
Blog
personal website open to the pubic
Microblog
blogging with short messages
ex: Twitter
Wiki
website made of content posted by users
social network
social structure made of people linked by common interest/value
social capital
number of connections someone has on social networks
Corporate Social Networks are used for…
- networking
- social collaboration
- social publishing
- feedback
Mashups
new content made by mixing other content
Risks of social computing
- invasion of privacy
- violation of intellectual property and copyright
- employee’s reluctance to participate
- data leakage of personal information or corporate strategic information
- poor or biased quality of user’s generated content
- cyberbullying
Social Shopping
electronic commerce that takes key aspects of social networks and focuses them on shopping
Group Shopping
websites that offer major discounts/special deals during a short period of time
Shopping Communities and Clubs
host sales for their members usually feature luxury brans at discounted prices
Social Marketplaces
- helps members market/sell their own stuff/creations
Collaboration Consumption
- starring/swapping/trading/renting products or services
- access over ownership
Social Advertising
make use of the social content of the user viewing the ad
Social Ads
place in paid-for media space on social media network
Social Aps
branded online applications
Viral Marketing
word of mouth advertising
Conversational Marketing
using social computing tools to obtain feedback from customers
Social Intelligence
monitoring/collection/analysis of socially generated data and the resulted strategic decisions
Forms of Modelling
- mental
- visual
- mathematical
- spreadsheet
Modeling
creating a simplified representation of reality to better understand/control
Business Analysts
people who build/analyze format models
Decision-support systems
computer systems that tie together models, data, analysis tools and presentation into a single integrated package
Embedded Models
computer systems that perform routine, repeated tasks with little or no human involvement
PROs of Models
- inexpensive errors
- explore the impossible
- improve business intuition
- information in a timely manner
- can reduce costs
Spreadsheet engineering
good training in spreadsheet modelling
Decisions
possible choices or courses of action we might take
Outcomes
consequences of decisions
Structure
logic linking model together
Raw data
observations of the real world
Data
specific numerical assumptions
Analysis
apply logic to get conclusions
Interpretation
evaluating solutions in terms of their impact on the real world
Technical Skills
how to use functions
Craft Skills
when to apply technical skills
5 aspects important to modellers when making a model
1) Problem Context
2) Model structure
3) Model realization
4) Model assessment
5) Model Implementation
Modeling Craft
nontechnical but critical skills that an expert modeller employs
Draft Analysis
exploration of datasets and the basic techniques used for classification and prediction
Management Science
covers optimization and stimulation
Three layers of data model
1) Data
2) Analysis
3) Presentation
1) Data
raw data that feeds into your dashboard
2) Analysis
formulas to analyze and pull data from the data layer into
3) Presentation
contains all charts, visualizations and dashboard components that you want your audience to see
Why separate the 3 layers of data models?
you don’t want your data to become too tied into 1 way of presenting an idea
Flat data tables
data repositories organized by row and column
Tabular vs flat tables
tubular = month identifier flat = month identifiers integrated into the column labels
Why avoid storing excess data?
- it increases the number of formulas
- it degrades the performance of your presentation layer
- it limits the scalability of your data model
CONs of limiting your data model to one tab…
- limits the quality of your analysis
- makes for a confusing data model
- limits the amount of documentation you can include
Lookup Tables
data that holds info in a structure that can be used to extract needed data
VLOOKUP
finds a specific value in the 1st column of a lookup table and returns the corresponding value in a specified table column
HLOOKUP
horizontal VLOOKUP
CHOOSE function
finds values from a defined set of choices
What-If Analysis
- Scenarios
- Goal Seek
- Data Tables
Solver
add-in programs that searches for the best solution to a problem
Best practices for creating spreadsheet models
- Planning
- Prototyping
- Debugging
- Reviewing
Business Intelligence Components
RAD
- Reporting
- Analytics
- Dashboards
Business Intelligence
strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information
Types of BI Dashboards
Strategic
Analytical
Operational
Strategic Dashboards
provide quick overview that decision makers need for monitoring the health and opportunities of the business
Analytical Dashboards
used to not only see what is going on, but to examine the causes
Operational Dashboards
for monitoring operations in real-time
Conditional Formatting
offers an easy way to apply dynamic formatting to cells based on the values in those or other specified cells.
Logical Functions
AND
OR
NOT
Conditional Functions
IF
COUNTIF
SUMIF
AVERAGEIF
Clickstream Data
data that visitors produce when they visit a website and click on hyperlinks
Data Rot
problems with the idea on which the data is stored
Data Governance
approach to managing info across an entire organization
Master Data Management
provides companies with the ability to store, maintain, exchange and synchronize a consistent “single version of the truth” by the company master data
Master Data
set of core data that span the enterprise information systems
Transaction Data
deserve the business’s activities or transactions
Data File
collection of logically related records
Database systems minimize the following problems…
- data redundancy
- data isolation
- data inconsistency
- data security
- data integrity
- date independance
DBMS
Database Management System
Database Management System (DBMS)
set of programs that provide users with tolls to create + manage a database
Relational Database Model
- not 1 big table
- usually called flat file
- contains all records and attributes
Data Model
diagram that represents entities in the database and their relationship
Atribute
characteristic of a entity
Record
logical grouping of related field
Entity
person/place/thing
Primary Key
field that identifies records in database so it can be retrieved, updated and sorted
Secondary Key
identifies records but not with complete accuracy
Foreign Key
a field in 1 table that uniquely identifies a row of another table
Big Data
- collection of data so large and complex that it is difficult to manage using traditional database management systems
- predict and assignment probabilities to data
Big Data Examples
- likelihood that an email is spam
- likelihood the the typed letters “teh” are supposed to be “the”
Big Data generally consists of the following:
- Traditional enterprise data
- Machine-generated/sensor data
- social data
Characteristic of Big Data
- Volume
- Velocity
- Variety
Issues with Big Data
- can come from untrusted sources
- big data = dirty
- constantly changes
Data Warehouse
repository of historical data that are organized support decision makers in the organizations
Data Mart
low cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse that is designed for the end-user needs
Multidimensional Structure
store data in more than 2 dimensions
Basic Characteristics of data warehouse and data marts include the following:
- organized by business dimension or subject
- online analytical processing
- integrated
- time variant
- nonvolatile
- multidimensional
Data Integration
organizations needs to extra the data, transform them, and then load them into a data mart or warehouse
Storing the Data
a variety of architectures can be used to store decision-support data
Metadata
maintain data about the data
Knowledge Management (KM)
helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that makes up part of the organization’s memory
Intellectual Capital =
Knowledge
KM
Knowledge Management
KMS
Knowledge Management Systems
Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs)
helps organizations cope with turnover, rapid change and downsizing by making the expertise of the organization’s human capital widely accessible
KMS Cycle
- Create Knowledge
- Capture Knowledge
- Refine Knowledge
- Store Knowledge
- Manage Knowledge
- Disseminate Knowledge
Query Languages (SQL)
most popular query language used for interacting with a database
Query by Example (QBE)
construct a simple/description of data desired by filling out a grid/template
Unary Relationship
1 entity
Binary Relationship
2 entity
Ternary
3 entity
Business rules
precise descriptions of policies, procedures, or principles in any organization that stores and uses data to generate information
Data Dictionary
provides information on each attribute
Relationships
illustrate an association between entities
Connectivity
describes the relationship classification
Cardinality
maximum number of times an instance of one entity can be associated with an instance in the related entity
Normalization
method for analyzing and reducing a relational database to its most streamlined form to ensure minimum redundancy maximum data integrity, optimal processing performance
Functional Dependencies
means of expressing that the value of 1 particular attribute is associated with a specific single value of another attribute
Join operation
combines records from two or more tables in a database to obtain information that is located in different tables
5 Step Design Method
1) The overall design - from concept to reality
2) Report design
3) Data design
4) Table design
5) Form design
