Exam Flashcards
Types of projections (five)
Van der grinten projection Mercator projection Mollweide projection Robinson projection Peters projection
What is a contour map
A contour map shows shape and elevation by means of contour lines
What is rotation
Earth rotates on its axis ( 24 hours )
What is revolution
Earth revolves around the sun ( orbits 365 days )
What is and equinox
Sun is directly over head at 12 noon on the equator occurs sept 23 and March 21 equal length of day and night
What is a solstice
Sun is directly overhead at noon on 23.5 degrees north or south occurs dec 21 and June 21 longest and shortest day of the year
What is the greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet’s atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere
What is prevailing winds
Winds that are most commonly found in an area.
What is Relief rainfall
Precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier
What is frontal rainfall
Precipitation caused when a warm moist air mass is forced to rise by a cool, dry air mass.
What is Convectional rainfall
Precipitation caused on hot summer days when heated land causes the air above it to rise by convection. As the air rises it cools and condensation occurs.
What is an ocean current
Permanent horizontal movement of surface water ( the top 100m )
What is coastal breeze
The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depen
Continental vs maritime
As distance from the ocean increases annual temperature range increases.
What is a monsoon
A sudden wet season in the tropics
What is the tropical climate
- tropical wet, tropical wet and dry
- all tropical climates have average temps over 18 every day
- located 23.5 N and S
- wet all year , wet and dry - wet 1/2 year dry 1/2 year
What is an arid climate
- arid, semi-arid
- all dry climates receive less then 500mm rainfall all year
- between 10-30 N and 10-30 S and receive 0-250mm annually ( arid )
- transition zones between desert and forest receive 250-500mm annually ( semi-arid )
What is a temperate climate
- higher latitudes above 30 N and 30 S
- template mild climates occur in both hemispheres
- temperate cold climates occur only in the northern hemisphere
- temperate mild winter-winters are warmer then -3C
- temperate cold winters-winters are colder then -3C
What is a polar climate
- tundra, ice caps
- tundra is never above 10C
- ice caps is never above 0C
What is windward
On the side of a mountain range that faces the prevailing wind
What is leeward
Side of a mountain or mountain range facing away from the prevailing winds
What is an earthquake
An earthquake is a vibration of the earths surface that follows a release of energy in the earths crust.
What is a volcano
a mountain or hill having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.
What is a tsunami
a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.
What is epicenter
The epicentre is the location directly above the focus of the earthquake
What is the focus
Focus is the energy released in all directions from the earthquakes originate from their source
Levels of the earths core
Lithosphere (solid) Asthenosphere (liquid) 🔁🔁🔁 Mantle (solid) Outer core (liquid) Inner core (solid)
Three types of volcanoes
Shield - broad gentle slope, non violent as lava is runny usually the largest
Cinder cone - made from pyroclasts generally short lives and short less then 500 m
Composite cone - alternating layers of solid rock and lava flows most destructive and large
What are tectonics
Tectonic plates float or move on top of the asthenosphere and forced in specific directions by the magma below
What is Pangea
Pangea is a super continent
What is a transform boundary
when two plate move in opposite directions laterally/horizontally
What is a divergent boundary
Divergent forces occur where two plates are pushed apart
What is a convergent boundary
Convergent forces are where two plates come together
What is a subduction zone
Subduction zones occur where convergent forces result from two plates colliding
What are ridge zones
Ridge zones sometimes occur where two plates move apart. This is where you will find volcanoes, tame earthquakes, ocean spreading
What is the ring of fire
The ring of fire is a major area in the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur
What is lahar
Mudflow and debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water
Wha is pyroclastic flow
Fast moving current of extremely hot gas the flow normally hugs the ground and travels downhill or spread laterally under gravity
What is a El Niño
Warmer then usual creates worldwide issues
what are greenhouse gases
a gas that contributes to the
What is albedo
Used to talk about how reflective and object is
What is global warming
a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere
What is a convection cell
Global convection cells are created because of the differential heating of the earths surface
They create prevailing winds
What is continental
In land and away from the ocean
What is coastal
Near or by the ocean / coast
What is a carbon source
Carbon sources include emissions from burning fossil fuels, forest fires, and respiration.
Define renewable resource
Those that are constantly available or can be reasonably replaced or recovered
Define non renewable resource
Those that cannot be easily replaced once they have been destroyed
Types of minerals
Metallic minerals
Fossil fuels
Industrial minerals
What is a metallic mineral
Minerals that when refined, yield various forms of metal
What is a fossil fuel
A natural fuel such as coal or gas formed in the geological past from the remains of livin organisms
What is an industrial mineral
All things mined which are neither metallic minerals nor fossil fuels
What is shelterwood cutting
A series of forest cutting which lead to the development of a new generation of trees in the stand
What is clear cutting
To cut down and remove most or all trees from a stand
What is selective cutting
The removal of single trees from a stand for a variety of factors such as size and age aswell as economic reasons
What is bitumen
a thick oil like substance which can be refined into a form of crude oil.
What is alternative energy
energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment
What is lentic
inhabiting or situated in still, fresh water.
What is lotic
inhabiting or situated in rapidly moving fresh water.
What is convectional energy
Conventional energy directly mean the energy source which is fixed in nature like oil, gas and coal. In other words conventional energy is also termed as non-renewable energy sources
What is population density
How many people in a given area
What is growth rate
How fast your country is growing on an annual bases
What is population control
a policy of attempting to limit the growth in numbers of a population
What is natural change
Birth rate and death rate
What is net migration
The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants throughout the year.
What are population pyramids
Graphs that show the age structure of a population by age and gender
What is birth rate
How many people born per 1000 people
What is death rate
How many people die per 1000 people
What is developed
Average person lives pretty well
What is developing
Average person doesn’t live very well
What is newly industrialized
In transition
Average person live okay
What is literacy rate
Ability to read and write average about grade 8 level
What is dispersed
Found in areas that have a strong agricultural base
Resources are lacking or extreme environments
What is concentrated
Occur where resources and economic opportunities are in small areas large amount of people in small area
What is linear
Develop in areas where the most important economic reasons for settlement exist in lines
