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Geo > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Types of projections (five)

A 
Van der grinten projection
Mercator projection
Mollweide projection
Robinson projection
Peters projection
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2
Q

What is a contour map

A

A contour map shows shape and elevation by means of contour lines

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3
Q

What is rotation

A

Earth rotates on its axis ( 24 hours )

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4
Q

What is revolution

A

Earth revolves around the sun ( orbits 365 days )

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5
Q

What is and equinox

A

Sun is directly over head at 12 noon on the equator occurs sept 23 and March 21 equal length of day and night

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6
Q

What is a solstice

A

Sun is directly overhead at noon on 23.5 degrees north or south occurs dec 21 and June 21 longest and shortest day of the year

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7
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet’s atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere

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8
Q

What is prevailing winds

A

Winds that are most commonly found in an area.

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9
Q

What is Relief rainfall

A

Precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier

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10
Q

What is frontal rainfall

A

Precipitation caused when a warm moist air mass is forced to rise by a cool, dry air mass.

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11
Q

What is Convectional rainfall

A

Precipitation caused on hot summer days when heated land causes the air above it to rise by convection. As the air rises it cools and condensation occurs.

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12
Q

What is an ocean current

A

Permanent horizontal movement of surface water ( the top 100m )

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13
Q

What is coastal breeze

A

The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depen

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14
Q

Continental vs maritime

A

As distance from the ocean increases annual temperature range increases.

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15
Q

What is a monsoon

A

A sudden wet season in the tropics

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16
Q

What is the tropical climate

A
  • tropical wet, tropical wet and dry
  • all tropical climates have average temps over 18 every day
  • located 23.5 N and S
  • wet all year , wet and dry - wet 1/2 year dry 1/2 year
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17
Q

What is an arid climate

A
  • arid, semi-arid
  • all dry climates receive less then 500mm rainfall all year
  • between 10-30 N and 10-30 S and receive 0-250mm annually ( arid )
  • transition zones between desert and forest receive 250-500mm annually ( semi-arid )
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18
Q

What is a temperate climate

A
  • higher latitudes above 30 N and 30 S
  • template mild climates occur in both hemispheres
  • temperate cold climates occur only in the northern hemisphere
  • temperate mild winter-winters are warmer then -3C
  • temperate cold winters-winters are colder then -3C
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19
Q

What is a polar climate

A
  • tundra, ice caps
  • tundra is never above 10C
  • ice caps is never above 0C
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20
Q

What is windward

A

On the side of a mountain range that faces the prevailing wind

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21
Q

What is leeward

A

Side of a mountain or mountain range facing away from the prevailing winds

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22
Q

What is an earthquake

A

An earthquake is a vibration of the earths surface that follows a release of energy in the earths crust.

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23
Q

What is a volcano

A

a mountain or hill having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.

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24
Q

What is a tsunami

A

a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.

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25
Q

What is epicenter

A

The epicentre is the location directly above the focus of the earthquake

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26
Q

What is the focus

A

Focus is the energy released in all directions from the earthquakes originate from their source

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27
Q

Levels of the earths core

A 
Lithosphere (solid)
Asthenosphere (liquid) 🔁🔁🔁
Mantle (solid) 
Outer core (liquid)
Inner core (solid)
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28
Q

Three types of volcanoes

A

Shield - broad gentle slope, non violent as lava is runny usually the largest
Cinder cone - made from pyroclasts generally short lives and short less then 500 m
Composite cone - alternating layers of solid rock and lava flows most destructive and large

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29
Q

What are tectonics

A

Tectonic plates float or move on top of the asthenosphere and forced in specific directions by the magma below

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30
Q

What is Pangea

A

Pangea is a super continent

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31
Q

What is a transform boundary

A

when two plate move in opposite directions laterally/horizontally

32
Q

What is a divergent boundary

A

Divergent forces occur where two plates are pushed apart

33
Q

What is a convergent boundary

A

Convergent forces are where two plates come together

34
Q

What is a subduction zone

A

Subduction zones occur where convergent forces result from two plates colliding

35
Q

What are ridge zones

A

Ridge zones sometimes occur where two plates move apart. This is where you will find volcanoes, tame earthquakes, ocean spreading

36
Q

What is the ring of fire

A

The ring of fire is a major area in the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

37
Q

What is lahar

A

Mudflow and debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water

38
Q

Wha is pyroclastic flow

A

Fast moving current of extremely hot gas the flow normally hugs the ground and travels downhill or spread laterally under gravity

39
Q

What is a El Niño

A

Warmer then usual creates worldwide issues

40
Q

what are greenhouse gases

A

a gas that contributes to the

41
Q

What is albedo

A

Used to talk about how reflective and object is

42
Q

What is global warming

A

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere

43
Q

What is a convection cell

A

Global convection cells are created because of the differential heating of the earths surface
They create prevailing winds

44
Q

What is continental

A

In land and away from the ocean

45
Q

What is coastal

A

Near or by the ocean / coast

46
Q

What is a carbon source

A

Carbon sources include emissions from burning fossil fuels, forest fires, and respiration.

47
Q

Define renewable resource

A

Those that are constantly available or can be reasonably replaced or recovered

48
Q

Define non renewable resource

A

Those that cannot be easily replaced once they have been destroyed

49
Q

Types of minerals

A

Metallic minerals
Fossil fuels
Industrial minerals

50
Q

What is a metallic mineral

A

Minerals that when refined, yield various forms of metal

51
Q

What is a fossil fuel

A

A natural fuel such as coal or gas formed in the geological past from the remains of livin organisms

52
Q

What is an industrial mineral

A

All things mined which are neither metallic minerals nor fossil fuels

53
Q

What is shelterwood cutting

A

A series of forest cutting which lead to the development of a new generation of trees in the stand

54
Q

What is clear cutting

A

To cut down and remove most or all trees from a stand

55
Q

What is selective cutting

A

The removal of single trees from a stand for a variety of factors such as size and age aswell as economic reasons

56
Q

What is bitumen

A

a thick oil like substance which can be refined into a form of crude oil.

57
Q

What is alternative energy

A

energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment

58
Q

What is lentic

A

inhabiting or situated in still, fresh water.

59
Q

What is lotic

A

inhabiting or situated in rapidly moving fresh water.

60
Q

What is convectional energy

A

Conventional energy directly mean the energy source which is fixed in nature like oil, gas and coal. In other words conventional energy is also termed as non-renewable energy sources

61
Q

What is population density

A

How many people in a given area

62
Q

What is growth rate

A

How fast your country is growing on an annual bases

63
Q

What is population control

A

a policy of attempting to limit the growth in numbers of a population

64
Q

What is natural change

A

Birth rate and death rate

65
Q

What is net migration

A

The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants throughout the year.

66
Q

What are population pyramids

A

Graphs that show the age structure of a population by age and gender

67
Q

What is birth rate

A

How many people born per 1000 people

68
Q

What is death rate

A

How many people die per 1000 people

69
Q

What is developed

A

Average person lives pretty well

70
Q

What is developing

A

Average person doesn’t live very well

71
Q

What is newly industrialized

A

In transition

Average person live okay

72
Q

What is literacy rate

A

Ability to read and write average about grade 8 level

73
Q

What is dispersed

A

Found in areas that have a strong agricultural base

Resources are lacking or extreme environments

74
Q

What is concentrated

A

Occur where resources and economic opportunities are in small areas large amount of people in small area

75
Q

What is linear

A

Develop in areas where the most important economic reasons for settlement exist in lines

Geo (4 decks)

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