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Geography > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage destruction or death

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2
Q

What are tectonic hazards?

A

Involve the movement of the earth’s crust

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3
Q

What are atmospheric hazards?

A

Hurricanes

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4
Q

What are geomorphological hazards?

A

Earths surface

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5
Q

What are biological hazards?

A

Involve living organisms

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6
Q

How can tropical storms be reduced?

A
  • Monitoring
  • Prediction
  • Protection
  • Planning
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7
Q

How can buildings be protected against tropical storms?

A
  • hurricane straps
  • storm shutters
  • emergency generator
  • tie down wind borne objects
  • reinforce garage doors
  • remove trees close to building
  • salt marshes and wetlands and mangroves
  • trees
  • coastal flood defences
  • no building on low lying areas
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8
Q

What is the tropical storms case study?

A

Typhoon Haiyan

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9
Q

Case Study for TS:

When? Where? Category? Killed?

A
  • 8 November 2013
  • Philippines
  • Category 5
  • 6190
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10
Q

What were the long term responses to the TS?

A
  • no build zone along Eastern Visayas coast
  • New storm surge warning system
  • mangroves replanted
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11
Q

What are the main UK mountain ranges?

A
  • Grampians in mid Scotland
  • Antrim Plateau in northeast Ireland
  • Cambrian Mountains in mid Wales
  • The pennines through mid England
  • Cumbrian Mountains in LD
  • Mourne Mountains just south of belfast
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12
Q

What does wave energy depend on?

A
  • wind speed (more energy transferred)
  • How long wind has been blowing (more energy)
  • The fetch (the maximum distance of open sea that wind can blow over)
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of c waves?

A
  • found in bays and spits
  • sandy beaches
  • more in summer
  • larger swash than backwash
  • gently sloping beaches
  • low wave frequency
  • low wave height
  • low energy
  • gently sloping front
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of destructive waves?

A
  • short wave length and high frequency
  • steep wave front
  • high wave front
  • wave over height of one metre
  • Steep slope
  • strong backwash, restricted swash
  • exposed bays
  • pebble beaches
  • winter
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15
Q

What’s mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of large amount of rock, soil or mud under the influence of gravity

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16
Q

What is the difference between sliding and slumping?

A

Sliding is straight, slumping is concave, so material is rotated to face the cliff

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17
Q

What causes deposition?

A
  • low energy sheltered bays c waves
  • sediment updrift (e.g eroding headland)
  • large expanses of flat beach
  • spit
  • engineered structures trap stuff
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18
Q

What conditions does a sand dune need to form?

A
  • a large flat beach
  • supply of sand
  • large tidal range so sand can dry
  • onshore wind
  • obstacles like drift wood
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19
Q

What are Embryo dunes?

A

Newly formed sand dunes close to the sea

20
Q

What’s marram grass?

A

A plant that has long binding roots

21
Q

What is saltation

A

How sand is bounced along by the wind

22
Q

What’s a crest?

A

The top of a dune

23
Q

Whats a water table

A

The upper horizontal limit of wet sand

24
Q

What’s a dune slack?

A

Where there is a trough or low point in a line of dunes

25
Q

What’s a leeward slope?

A

The slope that faces away from the wind

26
Q

What’s the windward slope?

A

The slope that faces towards the wind

27
Q

What’s dune succession?

A

The change in vegetation with increased distance inland

28
Q

What are the three methods of sand transportation?

A
  • Suspension
  • Saltation
  • Creep
29
Q

What are the types of hard engineering in rivers?

A
  • damns and reservoirs
  • Channel Straightening
  • Embankments or Levees
  • Flood relief Channels
30
Q

What are the types of soft engineering in rivers?

A
  • Flood plain zoning
  • Flood warnings
  • Afforestation
  • River restoration
31
Q

How is a coastal spit formed?

A

1) Sudden change in the coastline (headland)
2) Longshore drift carries stuff (usually from sw in uk)
3) at change, energy is reduced so sediment is deposited in the sea as it has no where else to go
4) salt marsh formed behind as water dries up
5) change in wind direction causes curved head

32
Q

How is a bar formed?

A

When spits join from two head lands

33
Q

What is a spit?

A

A long, narrow piece of land that has one end joined to the mainland and projects out to sea

34
Q

What is a bar?

A

A bay bar is a ridge of sand or shingle that stretches across a bay, forming a lagoon behind it

35
Q

What is a submerged offshore bar?

A

A raised area of seabed that lies offshore

36
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A spit that joins an island to the mainland

37
Q

What is a concordant coast?

A

Alternating layers of hard and soft rock running parallel to the coastline

38
Q

What is a discordant coast?

A

Alternating layers of hard and soft rock running at right angles to the coast

39
Q

Headland process thing

A

1) wave crest in deep water
2) waves near headland reach shallow water
3) as it approaches it begins to take the shape of discordant coastline
4) frictional drag slows down lower part of wave making it higher and steeper
5) concentrates wave energy on the headlands and increases erosion
6) waves crashing and retreating on headlands creates a lateral current across bays
7) this along with fewer waves as they are refracted away results in low energy waves depositing material in bays

40
Q

How is a caved formed?

A

1) large crack is enlarged by pressure on/off effect of ha

2) crack grows into a notch and then a cave as destructive waves continue to erode it

41
Q

How did is an arch formed?

A

3) over time cave becomes larger. Wave refraction draws waves to all sides of headland so caves form back to back
4) sea breaks through cave backs forming a natural arch. The base of the arch is widened as notches form

42
Q

How is a stack formed?

A

5) weathering continues to weaken top of arch making to less stable
6) top of arch eventually collapses
7) this leaves a pillar of detached rock called a stack

43
Q

How is a stump formed?

A
  • notches form at the base of the stack making it unstable

* !stack eventually topples leaving only its base called a stump

44
Q

Ex of spit

A

Spurn head, yorkshire

45
Q

Bar

A

Slapton sanda, devon

46
Q

Offshore bar

A

Hordle cliff, Lymington

47
Q

Tombolo

A

Chesil beach, Dorset

Geography (13 decks)

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