Exam 6 (Musc/connective) Flashcards
What is the most important factor in development of osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency
What is osteomalacia?
Osteomalacia is loss of bone related to vitamin D deficiency. Because of softening of the bone resulting from inadequate deposits of calcium and phosphorus in the bone matrix. Normal remodeling of the bone is disrupted, and calcification does not occur. Osteomalacia is the adult equivalent of rickets, or vitamin D deficiency, and children.
Osteomalacia versus osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Demineralized bone mass
Lack of vitamin D
Calcium & phosphate levels are low or normal
Parathyroid & Alkaline levels are high
Osteoporosis
Decreased bone mass
Lack of calcium
Calcium levels may be low but all other levels are normal
True or false
Osteomalacia is not common in the United States and Western Europe. However it is more common in countries where famine is common
True
What are some causes of osteomalacia?
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Kidney disease
- Familial metabolic error (hypophosphatemia )
What are some symptoms of osteomalacia?
In some cases, proximal muscle weakness in the shoulder and pelvic girdle area is the only presenting symptoms.
What is Paget’s disease?
It’s a chronic metabolic disorder in which bone is excessively broken down and reformed. The result is bone that is structurally disorganized causing dogs to be weak with increased risk for Boeing of long bones and fractures. Two types of Paget’s disease can occur familial and sporadic
True or false
Paget’s disease is second only to osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases in the United States
True
What is the most dreaded complication of Paget’s disease?
Cancer, most commonly osteogenic sarcoma
What is the most common type of osteomyelitis?
Hematogenous osteomyelitis is the most common type of osteomyelitis. It occurs more often children
What is osteomyelitis?
Bone infection
What is dupuytrens contracture?
Slowly progressive thickening of the Palmer fascia, resulting in flexion contracture of the fourth and fifth fingers of the hand
What is a ganglion?
Around, benign cyst, often found on the wrist or foot joint or tendon
What is the hallux valgus?
The hallex Vegas deformity is a common foot problem in which the great toe drifts laterally at the first metatarsal joint. The first metatarsal head becomes enlarged, resulting in a bunion.
What is planter fasciitis?
An inflammation of the planter fascia, which is located in the area of the arch of the foot.
What is scoliosis?
When the spinal column begins to move into a lateral curve, most commonly in the right lateral thoracic area is the degree of curvature increases, damage to the vertebral bodies results. Curvature of greater than 50° results in an unstable spine, and curvature of greater than 60° in the thoracic spine result in compromises cardiopulmonary function
What are some complications of fractures?
Acute compartment syndrome crush syndrome hypovolemic shock fat embolism syndrome Venous thromboembolism infection chronic complications such as ischemic necrosis and delete union
What is the pathologic or spontaneous fracture?
That occurs after minimal trauma to bone that has been weakened by disease. For example, a patient with bone cancer or osteoporosis can easily have a pathologic fracture.
What are the stages of bone healing?
- Hematoma formation
- Hematoma to granulation tissue
- Callous formation
- Osteoblastic proliferation
- Bone remodeling
- Bone healing completed
What is crush syndrome?
Crush syndrome occurs from an external crush injury that compresses one or more compartments in the leg, arm, or pelvis. It is a potentially life-threatening, systemic complications that results from hemorrhage and edema after a severe fracture injury. As muscles become ischemic and necrotic from pressure within the compartment, myoglobin is released into circulation, where can occlude the distal renal tubules and result in kidney failure
Fat embolism syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome is another serious complication and which fat globules are released from the yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream within 12 to 40 hours after an injury or other illness. These globules Clog small blood vessels that supply vital organs, most commonly the lungs, and impair organ perfusion.
What is the earliest manifestation of fat embolism syndrome?
Altered mental status, which is caused by a low arterial oxygen level. Dyspnea and chest pain may follow. Petechiae is a late sign
Running versus balanced traction
In running traction, the pulling force is in one direction in the patient’s body axis counter traction. Balance suspension provides the counter traction so that the pond force of attraction is not altered when the better patient is moved. This allows for increased movement and facilitates care. The two most common types of traction our skin and skeletal traction. Skin traction and both the use of the Velcro boot belt or halter which is usually secured around the affected leg. The primary purpose of skin traction is to decrease painful muscle spasms that accompany hit fractures. And skeletal traction, pins, wires or screws are surgically inserted directly into the bone. Skeletal traction aids in bone realignment
Gout
Primary gout is the most common it’s caused by excessive uric acid