exam 6 material Flashcards
what is the machiavellian personality in coaching?
one who manipulates others indirectly rather than laying down the law
how does being aware of individual differences make someone a good coach?
- some athletes are motivated by yelling / emotional displays while others are turned off by it
- this is how you individualize motivation for each athlete
- a good coach should know how to get each individuals optimum arousal –> the teams optimum arousal
what is kinesics?
body language used to convey a message in the communication process
what are the elements of the communication process?
- source
- message
- channel
- receiver
LeUnes and Nation Study (1982)
authoritarian personality
studied the authoritarian personality of college football players vs. high school football players vs. nonathletes
Findings of LeUnes and Nation 1982 study
- found that college football players were MUCH more authoritarian on virtually every subscale and total scale than both other groups
Caliafornia F-Scale
traditional measure of authoritarianism
California F-scale 9 subscales
in PP on canvas
* Conventionalism: rigid adherence to middle class values
* Authoritarian submission: submissive to and uncritical of authority
* authoritarian aggression: tendency to punish those violating conventional middle class values
* destructiveness and cynicism: hostility, cynical attitude
* power and toughness: preoccupation with power and assertion / strength
* superstition and stereotypy: belief in mystical determinants, see things rigidly / black and white
* anti-intraception: distrust of tender feelings and emotion
* projectivity: belief wild and dangerous things go on in the world; projection of hostility, fears, sexuality
* sex: exaggerated concern with sexual goings-on, desire to punish those violating sexual norms
authoritarian personality
coaching
* asserts absolute leadership
* has well-formulated goals
* demands certain responses from athletes
* takes credit / blame for wins / losses
Coach John Gagliardi
coaching philosophy
- no blocking sleds
- no scrimmages
- no scholarships
- 90 min practices in sweats / shorts
- players called him John
Coach John Wooden
legendary UCLA bruins coach in 60s and 70s.
only person to ever make NCAA basketball hall of fame as player and coach
writes loveletters to his wife (21st of each month) and sleeps on his half of the bed even though she passed in 1985.
won 7 national championships in a row as a coach, 10 overall
won 88 games in a row from 1971-1974
never made more than $32,500
Letters between Griffith and Rockne
griffith writes to rockne asking about the intersection of sports and psych
* rockne responds and is grateful for his interest, but does not know much on psych. tries to pick men who know a lot about and have fun with football –> says he tries to make the boys take the game less seriously
* griffith asks about keeping the spirit up during postseason and how rockne plans to do this
* rockne tried to make the workouts short and snappy –> spirit of the play helped the boys win
point of rockne and griffith letters?
griffith is the father of sport psych
rockne is one of the most successful football coaches in history
their letters serve to remind us of coaching practices remained similar –> differences highlighted.
John Gigliardi achievents
winning percentage of 0.784
452 wins
3 small college national titles
St. John’s in Minnesota
57 years coach, 54 as head coach
John Gigliardi on “no pain, no gain”
opposed forcefully
viewed football as a game of finesse rather than brute strength
behavioral guidlines of Youth coaches
positive reinforcement
- good plays: reinforce immediately, dont take effort for granted
- mistakes: do encourage immediately, don’t punish when things go wrong
- misbehaviors: do maintain order by establishing clear expectations, dont constantly nag
- getting positive outcomes: do give intruction, do give encouragement, do focus on the game, don’t be sarcastic
how has title IX affected the # of women in coaching positions?
women have far fewerer opportinuties in the coaching world than before (reverse effect)
female coaches and marriage
only 42% of females coaches are married while 87% of male coaches are. does not seem to be an issue with women (8th reason for them quitting is home-work balance)
incomplete occupational socialization
condition in which a person has not acquired the knowledge, skills and values to be sucessful at a given job
in coaching, a common predicament in females
an exception to incomplete occupational socialization: who is the better basketball coach, men or women?
women?
trends in the number of females coaches over time?
role conflict
role conflict
* Thought to be the easiest explanation since balancing the multiple demands of teacher, coach, wife and mother is difficult
BUT research shows that male coaches felt more affected by time constraints and resultant conflicts because of family responsibility than female coaches
* “Incompatibility with family life” was the 4th highest reason for men quitting and the 6th highest for women
* 87% of male coaches were married while only 42% of females coaches were
trends in the number of females coaches over time?
incomplete occupational socialization
Most likely because of the lack of expectancy of becoming a coach and of female role models for coaching
trends in the number of females coaches over time?
outright sex discrimination
Research shows that female coaches feel restricted to minor sports, believe their mobility to be limited and generally see coaching as a limited source of job opportunity
* Sex discrimination is alive and well in high school and college athletics
* Homologous reproduction: in sports, the tendency of the person with hiring authority (the athletic director) to hire persons of his or her own gender (the coach) resulting in gender clustering
* Athletic directors = the gatekeepers of the profession of coaching
* 48% of female coaches belong to programs with female athletic directors
* Synonymous to the “good old boy” network
what is homologous reproduction?
in sports, the tendency of the person with hiring authority (the athletic director) to hire persons of his or her own gender (the coach) resulting in gender clustering
coaching burnout
A psychological state in which the coach experiences extreme emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced accomplishment
It’s a true and prominent phenomenon.
Kevin Blackistone
cites data that 95% of sport editors, 86% of their assistants, as well as 87% of reporters (79% being white males) were white.
CBAS
Coaching Behavior Assessment System:
* standardized measure developed by smith and smoll for direct observation and coding of 12 coaching behaviors grouped as reactive or spontaneous
who developed CBAS?
Smith and Smoll and Hunt in 1977
number of hispanic head coaches in major league soccer
only 4 hispanic head coaches in MLS
smoll and smiths CET
CET: coach effectiveness training
a training program developed for youth coaches that teaches anxiety reduction strategies, reinforcement over punishment, and other psychosocial techniques
Results from Smoll and Smith CET
coaches were better liked, seen as better teachers, but no differences in the win-loss ratio.
hint that reese gave us
In order for punishment to be effective, it must be mild, prompt, and consistent
calculating BMI
(weight x height^2) x 703
Type A personality and exercise
type A personality: an aggressive, hard-driving, competitive person, at risk for coronary heart disease
* Type A individuals have relatively poor exercise adherence rates
* due to lack of patience with the seemingly slow pace of the typical fitness program
* OR setting other competing goals that eventually take priority over exercise
Thermogenic hypothesis
the elevation of body temperature produces the anxiety reduction associated with exercising
excercise on depression
physical exercise has common treatment for depression
* generally well received
stimulus cueing
exercise adherence stratery
* performs the same activity at the same time and place every day
* can improve adherence
exercise adherence
ability to follow an exercise regimen on a regular basis over an extended time
physical activity vs. exercise
PA: any bodily activity produced by the skeletal muscles that results in spending of energy
ex.: subset, planned, organized repetitive components aimed at improving or maintaining physical fitness
resting heart rate and exercise
shows a lower resting heart rate but is not sure of the benefits of a lower RHR
creation of the nike swoosh
the swoosh was created by Carolyn Davidson in 1971
she was only paid 35 bucks for it at the time
has since been gifted Nike stock
blue collar workers and exercise programs
socioeconomic status can be a predictors of exercise adherence
* exercise is not reaching everyone in this group
* blue collar workers should be more focused on when targeting individuals for exercise programs
endorphin hypothesis
the release of chemicals within the subject’s pituitary gland and brain produces the anxiety reduction associated with exercising
runner’s high
A state experienced by distance runners that is characterized by sudden heightened sense of well-being.
runners high is also known as:
Flow, natural laxative, transcendence, euphoric sensation, steady state stimulation, peak
experience, centering state, existential drift, general happiness, runner’s calm and total
euphoria
theories for runners high?
Endorphins
Transient hypofrontality hypothesis
running and injuries?
Correlation between addiction to running and injuries
Diekhoff (1984)
* those injured were type A, addicted to running, ran more miles, etc.
change in the average time it takes to run a marathon
the number of people allowed to compete has changed the median time to complete the marathon
* as more inexperienced runners are allowed to run, the median time changed
* men: 3hr 25 min (1980) to 4 hrs 20 min (2005)
* women: 4 hrs 3 mins (1980) to 4 hrs 51 min (2005)
change in the average time it takes to run a marathon
the number of people allowed to compete has changed the median time to complete the marathon
* as more inexperienced runners are allowed to run, the median time changed
* men: 3hr 25 min (1980) to 4 hrs 20 min (2005)
* women: 4 hrs 3 mins (1980) to 4 hrs 51 min (2005)
ultramarathon race
maron and horvath described
they divide it up into races up to 100 miles in one day vs. multiple days of running
pros of children running marathons
is the child self motivated, involved in a training plan, etc.
cons of children running marathons
- musculoskeletal injuries
- burnout
- development of female athlete triad
cons of children running marathons
- musculoskeletal injuries
- burnout
- development of female athlete triad
marathon monks of mt. hiei
- Worship
- Participated in 1,000-day marathons over 7 years
- Year 6 they would run 40 miles a day for 100 days in a row
- Year 7 they would run 56 miles a day for 100 days in a row
- Ate a very basic diet that sport scientists today would not recommend (fruit, veggies, tofu, miso soup)
- run in straw sandals, all white, straw hat
athletic retirement
- athletes get and stay mean (Huff, football)
- brain injuries / depression, cognitive empairment at 34 (Johnson, NFL linebacker)
*
what percentage of NFL players retire with permanent injury?
66%
Spirduso’s reaction time studies
young runners: 235 ms
young racket sport competitors: 245 ms
old racket sport competitors: 260 ms
old runners: 268 ms
young inactive: 270 ms
old inactive: 290 ms
Spirduso’s findings
showed that physical activity played more of a role in simple RT than age did.
