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Sport Psychology > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is grim asceticism?

A

describes sports that require extreme training and pain endurance
ex. distance running and gymnastics

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2
Q

what is the Female Athletic Triad

A

food related usually. psychological complex composed of 3 factors: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

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3
Q

what are the Heraen Games?

A
  • competitive games held for female athletes
  • ancient Greece
  • counterpart to the male-only Olympics
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4
Q

define sport socialization.

A
  • process where females are socialized into taking part in sports
  • often facilitated by family role models
  • usually conflicted with traditional family roles and how accepting various sports are for women
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5
Q

baron de coubertin

A

founder of the modern olympic games (1896)
opposed women being allowed in the olympics
women were added to two events: tennis and golf in 1900

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6
Q

BMI morbidly obese

A

40+

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7
Q

BMI obese

A

30-40

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8
Q

BMI normal

A

18.5 - 25

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9
Q

BMI underweight

A

18.5

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10
Q

BMI anorectic

A

17.5

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11
Q

BMI starving

A

15 or less

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12
Q

what does research show about coach knowledge of eating disorders?

A

coaches can benefit from comprehensive education about eating disorders.
- Turk, Prentice, Chappell, Shields (1999)

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13
Q

what percentage of coaches know that amenorrhea is a serious problem?

A

19% male, 26% female. Scott (2006)

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14
Q

What percent of coaches thought that amenorrhea was due to excessive exercise rather than disordered eating?

A

24%. Pantano

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15
Q

How many coaches of women could name all 3 legs of the athletic triad?

A

43%

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16
Q

what is widely known throughout the world as athletics?

A

track and field events

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17
Q

female athletes and pregnancy

A

75% of women who had between 1-4 children improved their olympic performance within 2 years of delivery, most within 1 year

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18
Q

exercising while pregnant?

A

regular program of aerobics did not adversely affect outcomes, but lowered pregnancy-related discomforts for the mother.

heavy exercise can be problematic

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19
Q

german swimmers

A

german women won 20 / 28 gold medals in the 1972 olympics in swimmings and track. this raised suspicions about doping.

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20
Q

what is the significance of the wimbledon tennis championships for women?

A
  • first breakthrough event for women
  • women allowed to compete in 1884
  • doubles added in 1913
  • 1938: Helen Wills Moody won 8 titles in a row.
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21
Q

President of Womens Sports Foundation: Donna Lopiano on college football budgets

A

“Unfortunately at most institutions, it is easier for a college president to cut wrestling of men’s gymnastics than to deal with the politics of reducing the football … budgets. Simply put, educational leaders need more guts to step up and do the right thing.”

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22
Q

define psychological androgyny.

A

a state in which the individual encompasses the best of both gender roles and expectations, including both expressive and instrumental behaviors.

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23
Q

Babe Didrikson Zaharias

A
  • named the top female athlete of the first half of the 20th century
  • achievements cross a wide range of athletics
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24
Q

Babe Zaharias golf

A

Amateur: first to win US and British Women’s Amateur title. Won 17 tournaments in a row 1946-47
Professional: leading money winner in LPGA tour in 1948-1951. Won world championship 1948-1951. women US women’s open in 1948, 1950, 1954

25
Q

Babe Zaharias track and field

A

Amateur:
first place in javelin (1930), 80-meter hurdles and long jump (1931), 8-pounds shot put (1932), baseball throw (1930-32)
Olympics (1932): gold medal javelin and 80-meter hurdles, silver medal in high jump

26
Q

gender testing. where and when was it first implemented?

A

implemented at the 1968 winter olympics as a trial then fully at the 1968 summer olympics in Mexico City.

27
Q

define male hegemony

A

Implicit powers of social authority and leadership granted to men only; the “good old boy” network.

28
Q

expressive vs. instrumental behaviors

A
  • expressive: female behaviors –> warm, kind, accepting, nurturing, etc.
  • instrumental: male behaviors –> aggressive, assertive, independent, etc.
29
Q

1985 study (women coming behind)

A

found no gender differences in women vs. men in winning set after losing first match.

30
Q

fear of success defined

A

Matina Horner.
- an effort to explain why women fear success in competitive situations (school, competitions, work, sport)

31
Q

fear of success tenants

A
  1. avoiding success is a stable trait developed early in life due to sex-role standards.
    a. uncomfortableness when successful because it is inconsistent with femininity (internal standard)
    b. concerned about social rejection
  2. not equally important for all women
32
Q

Cahn on Homophobia

A

growing role of women in sports ignited a negative view on “mannish” females who played sports.

33
Q

what did the view of women cause athletic departments to do (Cahn)?

A

promote the most effeminate image possible

34
Q

Softball and Homophobia

A
  • softball offered a safe place for lesbians to gather in socially acceptable surroundings.
  • it was still best to keep sexual preference a secret
35
Q

how was homophobia born in the sports world?

A

suspicion and secrecy

36
Q

Muscular christianity defined

A

Christian committment to health and manliness

37
Q

When did muscular christianity flourish?

A
  • last part of the 19th century through first of 20th
  • primary vehicle was places like the YMCA
38
Q

How was muscular christanity justified

A
  • attempt to dissipate negative human expression (sexuality, delinquency
  • done through sport, exercise, exertion, fatigue
39
Q

why might have rates of young people participating in Little League have dropped since 1997?

A

due to the growing popularity of soccer

40
Q

importance of having fun in youth sports

A

having fun is a huge motivator for continuing to participate in a sport.
not having fun is a motivator to withdraw from the sport activity

41
Q

what is the challenger division?

A
  • a Little League program
  • began in 1989
  • mentally disabled people 5-18 to play organized baseball
42
Q

research from the 1950s on Little League baseball

Skubic (1955)

A

-No significant difference between stress in Little League and stress in other activities
-Parent attitudes were generally positive
-Participants were higher achieving in school and showed better overall personal adjustment.

43
Q

When and where did LL start?

A
  • 1939
  • Pennsylvania
  • Carl Stotz
  • 30 participants on 3 teams

first 3 teams were called Lycoming Dairy, Lundy Lumber, Jumbo Pretzel

44
Q

Most Popular HS sports - female

A
  1. basketball
  2. track
  3. volleyball
  4. softball
45
Q

Most popular HS sports - male

A
  1. football
  2. basketball
  3. track
  4. baseball
46
Q

PCPFS - purpose

President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports

A

a major force in promoting youth fitness in the US
* generated national level concern for youth fitness
* developed Youth Fitness Test

47
Q

are male athletes at higher risk for injury than females?

A

Basically, no
-No significant data suggesting one is more inclined to injury
-But there are differences in what type of injury they sustain.

48
Q

What is Reese’s favorite quote?

from Polybius

A

“Those who know how to win are much more numerous than those who know how to make proper use of their victories”

49
Q

Little League Elbow

A
  • injury to the elbow in pitchers
  • is actually more common in catchers than in pitchers due to the squatted position
  • overall is not as big of a deal as people seem to make it

Hang (2004) - catchers. Hale (1961) / Francis et al (1978) injury rate

50
Q

what event is most stressful to youths in sports?

A

band solos
M = 21.48

51
Q

what is product orientation to competition?

A

attitude that emphasizes the product of sport
1. winning above all else
2. tangible rewards
3. seeking adulation (admiration of others)
4. dehumanizing the opponent

52
Q

what is process orientation to competition?

A

emphasizes participation rather than winning
1. winning is secondary
2. personal or team excellence
3. aesthetic activity
4. rapport with competitors (opponent becomes an ally rather than an enemy)

53
Q

define expectancy of negative affect.

A

an individual’s anticipation that poor performance will be emotionally painful

54
Q

relationship between competitive trait anxiety and expectancy of negative affect.

A

ENA is more likely in high CTA children than low CTA children

55
Q

define parentis vociferous

A

Nickname for overinvolved parents who engage in verbal and physical abuse against coaches, opposing players, and their own children.

56
Q

what do female athletes most commonly attribute their success to?

A

external factors –> i got lucky

57
Q

what are the three lies of masculinity?

A

to be a man you must:
1. have great athletic ability
2. have sexual conquests
3. have monetary success

58
Q

what is the book Little Girls in Pretty Boxes about?

A

comparing child labor laws established during the Industrial Revolution to children spending 40 hours in the gym or on the rink.

Sport Psychology (5 decks)

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