Exam Flashcards
Constellation
A group of stars that form a pattern that is easily recognized
Revolution
One object revolving (going around) another object (example the mom revolves around the earth.
Solar system
Planets and their moons orbiting around a sun. Also includes other celestial objects
Galaxy
A system of stars with gas, dust and planets all held together by their gravitational pull. The galaxy we live in (and contains our solar system) is called the Milky Way and galaxies come in several different shapes
Asteroid belt
A collection of asteroids that form a “belt” or a line. The asteroid belt called Kuiper belt orbits between mars and Jupiter
Black hole
A gravitational field that is so strong, that nothing can escape its gravity- not even light
Moon
A large planet that will continuously orbit a planet
Rotation
When a object completes one rotation around it’s own axis (ex. The earth makes a complete rotation in 24 hours)
Planet
A celestial body that orbits around the star in an elliptical orbit
Nebula
A cloud of dust in outer space where new stars are sometimes formed
The Big Bang
The rapid expansion of matter that explains the origin of the universe
Dwarf planet
A celestial body that is similar to a small planet, but does not technically pass all requirements to be classified as a dwarf planet
Quasar
A massive celestial object that gives that gives off a large amount of energy
Astronomical unit
150 million km, is that distance from the sun to the earth
Meteor
A piece of matter (usually rock) that comes from outer space and enters earths atmosphere
Comet
A celestial object that is made up of ice and dust
Light year
The distance that a light can travel in one year 9.5 x 10^12km
Super nova
An explosion even that occurs at the end of a stars lifetime
List the 8 planets starting w mercury and ending with Neptune
My- mercury very- Venus existed-earth monkey-mars John- Jupiter sang- Saturn until-Uranus night- Neptune
Identify dwarf planets in our solar system
Pluto
Identify prominent characteristics of each for the planets
Mercury- smallest planet in the solar system, temperatures range from -170*c- 425
Venus-very hot due to atmosphere, hotter than mercury
Earth- only known planet to support life
Mars- known for being red due to rust/ iron on the surface
Jupiter- largest planet in the solar system gas planet large storm is always visible
Saturn- known for rings that are made up of dust ice and rock
Uranus- has less visible rings rotates on its “side” compared to other planets
Neptune- known as the blue planet has 14 moon
How do the following change as they get further from the sun
A) time take to orbit the sun
B) surface temperature
A. The farther away from the sun the longer it takes to orbit the sun
B. The further away the colder the planet
What planet is the hottest
Venus
Smallest planet
Mercury
Largest planet
Jupiter
Planet w no moons
Venus
Planet w most mood
Jupiter
Planets w ring system
Saturn Uranus Neptune
Compare the sun centred view of the solar system to the earth centered view
in accent times, people thought that the earth was the centre of the universe and the sun revolved around the earth. Since then we have realized that the earth centre view is untrue and that the centre of the centre of the universe is actually the sun
What is the bib bang theory? Key points?
The origin of the universe began as a very hot dense point that expanded and not an explosion as the name might suggest. After this occurred, we have the formation of elementary particles (protons, neutrons and electrons), creation of he first elements (helium and hydrogen), quasars (lots of energy created), star and galaxy formation including our own solar system (and all of the things inside it). After our planet and moon was formed, life evolved from the very simplest bacteria and evolved into more complex organisms. We then had birds, lizards and an extinction period for all dinosaurs cause by a massive meteor and then life evolved again from where humans arose from earlier types of primates
How does the earths position to the sun determine seasons?
The earths axis has a tilt when it orbits the sun. If we are comparing the northern and souther hemispheres, when one hemisphere is closer to the sun, the season is summer and when the hemisphere is further away from the sun is winter.
Why are the seasons different in different parts of the earth during the same time of the year
Due to the earths tilt when it’s summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the souther hemisphere and vice versa. If we check the dates for summer in Australia there summer months are dec- feb and there winter months are jun-aug
Describe the theory that is most accepted that explains how the moon was formed
Giant impact theory- a giant meteor (the size of mars) struck the earth 4.5 billion years ago caused debris from the collision to form the moon which got caught in earths gravitational pull. This is the most accepted scientific theory because after analysis of the moon, we find that it is composed of very similar elements as well as solid iron core (just like earth). It also has similar rotation and direction of spin as the earth.
Identify the different phases of the moon as seen from earth
Full moon, crescent moon, half moon, new moon.
How are tides created?
Tides are created by the gravitational pull of he moon as it revolves around the earth if we look at any body of water, there is low tides and high tides which occur because of the moon and the sun
What are the differences between chemical and physical properties
Physical properties describe matter in terms of what we can sense ie colour, density, texture, malleability etc.
Chemical properties describe how matter will react when mixed or combined with something else ie combustibility, reaction with acid/base/water
Physical and chemical change
A physical change is usually just a change of state (solid, liquid, gas) and can be easily reversed with no new substances being formed.
Chemical change is usually not as easily reversed and is usually detected through a change and colour, odour, heat or energy produced, and a few substances are usually formed
Metals vs non metals
Metals can be described and shiny, malleable, a good conductor and found on left side as well as through the middle of the periodic table
Non-metals are not shiny, brittle and poor conductors of electricity- also found on the right side of the periodic table
Density
Amount of matter per unit volume of an substance
State
Solid liquid gas
Malleability
A substance that can be hammered or bent into different shapes
Solubility
Ability of a substance to dissolve into a solvent
Ductility
A substance that can be pulled into a wire
Viscosity
Describes how thick a liquid is/ ability of a liquid to impede flow
Transparency/ translucent
Describes how much light can pass though a substance
Lustre
Describes how shiny a substance is
Hardness
A measure of a substance resistance to being scratched/ dented
Crystallization/ crystal form
A solid that has a regular pattern of three dimensional shapes eg salt
Sawing wood
P because it can easily be changed back
Boiling water
P because it can easily be changed back
Burning magnesium
C because once it’s burned it can’t be changed back
Cutting vegetables
P because it is still the same substance
Car rusting
C because it can’t be changed back
Baking a cake
C because it can’t be in cooked
Solid partials
Motion- vibration not free to move
Spacing- very tight together
Attraction- high attraction
Liquid particles
Motion- ability to flow somewhat free
Spacing close together but not too tightly held
Attraction- medium attraction
Gas
Motion- very free particularly bounce around
Spacing- lots of space
Attraction low attraction
Give an example of 1 physical property and 1 chemical property to describe magnesium
Physical- silver, solid
Chemical- creates bright white light when ignited
Physical or chemical property sodium is a soft metal
P
Physical or chemical property oxygen supports combustion
C
Physical or chemical property water is a colourless liquid
P
Physical or chemical property copper conducts electricity
P
Physical or chemical property the boiling point of water is 100c
P
Physical or chemical property gas is flammable
C
List 5 ways you can tell if chemical change has occurred
Change in colour, odour, heat, or energy produced , and few substances are formed
Density
Amount of matter per unit volume
D=m/v (g/ml)
A clear colourless liquid is split into two different gasses. The clear colourless liquid can be classed as a ______ because it is made of __ or more different elements. The 2 gasses are classified as ________because they cannot be _____ down into smaller substances. The liquid is most likely ___ and the two gasses that make up this liquid are ______ and _____
Compound, 2, elements, broken, water, hydrogen, oxygen.
Describe how you would text for the presence of hydrogen and oxygen
Hydrogen test- put a flaming splint into a test tube- it should pop
Oxygen- put a glowing splint (ember) into a test tube of oxygen- it will relight
How would you test for the presence for carbon dioxide
Bubble the gas into limewater (like water will turn cloudy) or put a flaming splint into the gas (it should go out)
Atomic number
The number of protons in a number
Mass number
Represents the sun of protons and neutrons in a number
Proton charge, relative mass, location in atom
Charge- positive
Relative mass-1
Location- in nucleus
Electron charge mass and location
Charge- negative
Mass-no mass
Location- orbiting nucleus in energy shells
Merton charge mass location
Charge- non
Mass-1
Location- in nucleus
How to find the number of proton neutrons and electrons
Protons=atomic number
Electrons= protons
Neutrons= mass#- electrons
Where are metals on the periodic table
Left side and middle
Where are non metals on the periodic table
Left side
Where are the alkali metals located on the periodic table and describe them
Group 1
Metals
Very reactive in water
Where are halogens on the periodic table and describe them
Group 17
Non metals
Poisonous and very reactive
Where are noble gasses located on the periodic table and describe them
18
Non metals non reactive
What is special about elements placed in the same column in the periodic table
They have similar characteristics
What trend do you notice about elements in the same period
The atomic # number goes up by 1 as you go across
Define static electricity
an electric charge that is not moving and stays on an object unless provided a path for the charges to move. Objects can be charged by friction, contact and induction.
What subatomic particles move to generate electricity
Electrons
A net positive charge is due to
Lack of electrons
A net negative charge is due to
A surplus of electrons
State the law of electrostatics
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract
