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MBG 2040 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Replicon

A
  • unit of DNA that is produced from an origin

- contains 1 origin and 2 termni

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2
Q

tandem repeats

A

TTAGGG

-present on the single stranded overhang at the end of each chromosome

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3
Q

-10 sequence

A

TATAAT

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4
Q

-35 sequence

A

TTGACA

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5
Q

transcription start site (+1)

A

a purine (A or G) 5-9 base pairs down from the end pf the -10 sequence

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6
Q

Rho-dependent terminators

A

transcription termination requires a protein factor, Rho and a rut ( rho utilization) sequence on the transcribed RNA

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7
Q

Rho-independent terminators

A

do not require rho but is determined by two unique sequences

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8
Q

TATA box

A
  • 30 position, TATAAAA

- binds TBP and positions polymerase holoenzyme to start transcription at the initiation site

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9
Q

CAAT box

A
  • 80 position, GGCCAATCT

- binding site of transcription factors

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10
Q

GC box

A

GGGCGG, variable in copy number and location

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11
Q

octamer box

A

ATTTGCAT, variable in copy number and location

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12
Q

introns

A

interrupt the coding sequence

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13
Q

exons

A

expressed sequences that become part of mRNA

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14
Q

RNA splicing

A

the process in which intron sequences in the primary RNA transcripts are removed while exons are joined to form a mature mRNA

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15
Q

spliceosome

A

a complex macromolecule structure within the nucleus, composed of snRNAs and ~40 different proteins and is responsible for splicing of pre-mRNAs

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16
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

AGGAGG

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17
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic material of an organism

-the process by which the change occurs

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18
Q

transition

A

a mutation that replaces a purine with a purine or a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine

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19
Q

transversion

A

a mutation that replaces a purine with a pyrimidine and vice versa

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20
Q

silent mutation

A

no change to amino acid

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21
Q

mis-sense mutation

A

leads to a change in amino acid

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22
Q

non-sense mutation

A

leads to a stop codon

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23
Q

frameshift mutation

A

additions or deletions of one or two nucleotide pairs, which alter the reading frame of the gene distal to the site of mutation

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24
Q

germinal muatations

A

occur in germ-line cells and will be transmitted through gametes to the offspring

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25
somatic mutations
mutant phenotype will be observed only in the descendants of that cell and will not be transmitted to the next generation
26
spontaneous mutations
occur without a know cause due to inherent errors in the metabolic pathways or unknown agents in the environment
27
induced mutations
result from exposure of an organism to mutagens, physical and chemical agents that cause modifications in DNA such as ionizing irradiation, UV light or certain mutagenic chemicals
28
iso-alleles
have a small or no effect on phenotypes
29
null alleles
result in no gene product or the gene products are non-functional
30
conditional lethal mutations
lethal under restrictive growth condition but viable in the permissive growth condition
31
auxotrophs
unable to synthesize an essential metabolite that is syntesized by prototrophs -can grown only when the essential metabolite is supplied
32
temp sensitive mutants
will grown at low temp but not high
33
suppressor sensitive mutants
viable only when a second genetic factor, a suppressor is present in the mutant
34
base excision repair
removes abnormal or chemically modified bases
35
nucleotide excision repair
removes larger defects, such as thymine dimers
36
retrotransposition
an element transcribed into RNA, which is reverse transcribed into DNA, followed by the insertion of the DNA into a new site on the same or different chromosome
37
conjugative R plasmid
responsible for the spread of multiple drug resistant genes among bacteria
38
operons
coordinately regulated units of gene expression
39
DNA polymerase 1
responsible for the removal of the RNA primers
40
DNA polymerase 3
the main replicative polymerase; highly processive
41
DNA polymerase 2,4 ,5
DNA repair functions
42
DNA ligase
closes the nicks in DNA in the lagging strand
43
primase
produces a RNA primer, 10-60 nts in length
44
topisomerase
nicks the DNA to release torsional stress
45
single stand DNA binding (SSB) protein
keeps the unwound strands in an extended form for replication
46
helicase
unwinds the DNA on the 5'-3' strand in prokaryotes;requires energy from ATP hydrolysis
47
tautomeric shifts
effect base pairing by moving a hydrogen and moving T/G from the keto to enol form and A/C from the amino to imino form causing the rare pairing of AC and TG
48
UV irradiation
hydrolysis of cytosine to cytosine hydrate may cause mis-pairing during DNA replication
49
types of chemical mutagens
1. chemicals that are mutagenic to both replicating and non-replicating DNA 2. chemicals that are mutagenic only to replicating DNA eg acridine dyes
50
simple tandem repeats
repeated sequence of 2-6 nucleotide pairs (often 3bp repeats) eg fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease
51
forward mutation
mutation of a wild-type allele to a mutant allele
52
reverse mutation
a second mutation that restores the original phenotype
53
back mutation
a second mutation at the same site as the first mutation
54
suppressor mutation
a second mutation at a different location in the genome that reverts changed phenotype due to the first mutation
55
DNA repair mechanisms in E.coli
1. light dependent repair 2. excision repair 3. mismatch repair 4. post replication repair 5. error prone repair system (SOS response)
56
the ames test
provides a simple cheap method for detecting the mutagenicity of large number of chemicals
57
protein synthesis:translation
carried out by the concerted actions of ribosomes , tRNA, soluble factor and the intermediary mRNA
58
30s products
16s, 4s, 23s, 5s
59
45s products
18s, 5.8s, 28s
60
prokaryote ribosome
5s + 23s +31 ribosomal proteins =50s 16s + 21 ribosomal proteins = 30s 30s + 50s =70s
61
eukaryote ribosome
5s + 5.8s +28s + 49 ribosomal proteins =60s 18s +33 ribosomal proteins= 40s 30s + 60s = 80s
62
genetic code
language used by all biological systems to translate gene sequence into protein (universal, ordered, consecutive, non-overlapping, degenerate)

MBG 2040 (2 decks)

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