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MBG 2040 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Replicon

A
  • unit of DNA that is produced from an origin

- contains 1 origin and 2 termni

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2
Q

tandem repeats

A

TTAGGG

-present on the single stranded overhang at the end of each chromosome

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3
Q

-10 sequence

A

TATAAT

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4
Q

-35 sequence

A

TTGACA

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5
Q

transcription start site (+1)

A

a purine (A or G) 5-9 base pairs down from the end pf the -10 sequence

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6
Q

Rho-dependent terminators

A

transcription termination requires a protein factor, Rho and a rut ( rho utilization) sequence on the transcribed RNA

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7
Q

Rho-independent terminators

A

do not require rho but is determined by two unique sequences

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8
Q

TATA box

A
  • 30 position, TATAAAA

- binds TBP and positions polymerase holoenzyme to start transcription at the initiation site

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9
Q

CAAT box

A
  • 80 position, GGCCAATCT

- binding site of transcription factors

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10
Q

GC box

A

GGGCGG, variable in copy number and location

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11
Q

octamer box

A

ATTTGCAT, variable in copy number and location

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12
Q

introns

A

interrupt the coding sequence

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13
Q

exons

A

expressed sequences that become part of mRNA

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14
Q

RNA splicing

A

the process in which intron sequences in the primary RNA transcripts are removed while exons are joined to form a mature mRNA

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15
Q

spliceosome

A

a complex macromolecule structure within the nucleus, composed of snRNAs and ~40 different proteins and is responsible for splicing of pre-mRNAs

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16
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

AGGAGG

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17
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic material of an organism

-the process by which the change occurs

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18
Q

transition

A

a mutation that replaces a purine with a purine or a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine

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19
Q

transversion

A

a mutation that replaces a purine with a pyrimidine and vice versa

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20
Q

silent mutation

A

no change to amino acid

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21
Q

mis-sense mutation

A

leads to a change in amino acid

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22
Q

non-sense mutation

A

leads to a stop codon

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23
Q

frameshift mutation

A

additions or deletions of one or two nucleotide pairs, which alter the reading frame of the gene distal to the site of mutation

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24
Q

germinal muatations

A

occur in germ-line cells and will be transmitted through gametes to the offspring

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25
Q

somatic mutations

A

mutant phenotype will be observed only in the descendants of that cell and will not be transmitted to the next generation

26
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

occur without a know cause due to inherent errors in the metabolic pathways or unknown agents in the environment

27
Q

induced mutations

A

result from exposure of an organism to mutagens, physical and chemical agents that cause modifications in DNA such as ionizing irradiation, UV light or certain mutagenic chemicals

28
Q

iso-alleles

A

have a small or no effect on phenotypes

29
Q

null alleles

A

result in no gene product or the gene products are non-functional

30
Q

conditional lethal mutations

A

lethal under restrictive growth condition but viable in the permissive growth condition

31
Q

auxotrophs

A

unable to synthesize an essential metabolite that is syntesized by prototrophs
-can grown only when the essential metabolite is supplied

32
Q

temp sensitive mutants

A

will grown at low temp but not high

33
Q

suppressor sensitive mutants

A

viable only when a second genetic factor, a suppressor is present in the mutant

34
Q

base excision repair

A

removes abnormal or chemically modified bases

35
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

removes larger defects, such as thymine dimers

36
Q

retrotransposition

A

an element transcribed into RNA, which is reverse transcribed into DNA, followed by the insertion of the DNA into a new site on the same or different chromosome

37
Q

conjugative R plasmid

A

responsible for the spread of multiple drug resistant genes among bacteria

38
Q

operons

A

coordinately regulated units of gene expression

39
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

responsible for the removal of the RNA primers

40
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

the main replicative polymerase; highly processive

41
Q

DNA polymerase 2,4 ,5

A

DNA repair functions

42
Q

DNA ligase

A

closes the nicks in DNA in the lagging strand

43
Q

primase

A

produces a RNA primer, 10-60 nts in length

44
Q

topisomerase

A

nicks the DNA to release torsional stress

45
Q

single stand DNA binding (SSB) protein

A

keeps the unwound strands in an extended form for replication

46
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the DNA on the 5’-3’ strand in prokaryotes;requires energy from ATP hydrolysis

47
Q

tautomeric shifts

A

effect base pairing by moving a hydrogen and moving T/G from the keto to enol form and A/C from the amino to imino form causing the rare pairing of AC and TG

48
Q

UV irradiation

A

hydrolysis of cytosine to cytosine hydrate may cause mis-pairing during DNA replication

49
Q

types of chemical mutagens

A
  1. chemicals that are mutagenic to both replicating and non-replicating DNA
  2. chemicals that are mutagenic only to replicating DNA eg acridine dyes
50
Q

simple tandem repeats

A

repeated sequence of 2-6 nucleotide pairs (often 3bp repeats)
eg fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease

51
Q

forward mutation

A

mutation of a wild-type allele to a mutant allele

52
Q

reverse mutation

A

a second mutation that restores the original phenotype

53
Q

back mutation

A

a second mutation at the same site as the first mutation

54
Q

suppressor mutation

A

a second mutation at a different location in the genome that reverts changed phenotype due to the first mutation

55
Q

DNA repair mechanisms in E.coli

A
  1. light dependent repair
  2. excision repair
  3. mismatch repair
  4. post replication repair
  5. error prone repair system (SOS response)
56
Q

the ames test

A

provides a simple cheap method for detecting the mutagenicity of large number of chemicals

57
Q

protein synthesis:translation

A

carried out by the concerted actions of ribosomes , tRNA, soluble factor and the intermediary mRNA

58
Q

30s products

A

16s, 4s, 23s, 5s

59
Q

45s products

A

18s, 5.8s, 28s

60
Q

prokaryote ribosome

A

5s + 23s +31 ribosomal proteins =50s
16s + 21 ribosomal proteins = 30s
30s + 50s =70s

61
Q

eukaryote ribosome

A

5s + 5.8s +28s + 49 ribosomal proteins =60s
18s +33 ribosomal proteins= 40s
30s + 60s = 80s

62
Q

genetic code

A

language used by all biological systems to translate gene sequence into protein
(universal, ordered, consecutive, non-overlapping, degenerate)

MBG 2040 (2 decks)

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