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Deserts > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

leaf characteristics of dealing with water conservation

A

small leaves; Small surface area to volume; Drought deciduous leaves/ folding leaves; Thick cuticle with waterproof exterior which prevents water from escaping easily; Stomata- on bottom leaf or open at night with low temperatures

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2
Q

lethargy

A

decrease voluntary muscle activity

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3
Q

gila monster

A

venom for causing pain, not for disabling predators

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4
Q

semelparity

A

one big bang of reproduction

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5
Q

Spea multiplicata

A

less carnivorous, faster life cycle

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6
Q

desert millipede

A

exudes nasty chemicals through segments on side when picked up
cylindrical shape withstands more pressure when being crushed
Mechanical advantage with all the legs; head turned under and then shoves it through dirt/soil chewing on organic matter

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7
Q

maternal effects

A

can rapidly (in two generations) reduce competition between species by shifting the distribution of a plastic trait.

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8
Q

the Madrean Archipelago

A

57 montane ‘islands’ ranging from 3000-10,000ft

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9
Q

Giant desert centipede

A

If you eat the wrong end it bites you
It has both a dark reddish head and butt with yellow in between
Can be 9 inches long
Predator=grasshopper mice

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10
Q

iteroparity

A

multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime

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11
Q

spadefoot toads hybridization

A

males are dominant in determining life cycle

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12
Q

Canalization

A

the process by which a formerly plastic trait becomes fixed and loses the ability to respond to environmental variation

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13
Q

tailless whipscorpian

A

Long legs that act as antennae

Tons of dense, sensory hairs

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14
Q

evaporative cooling

A

sweating for non-hairy mammals or birds;
pant/ gular flutter is heat loss from tongue;
salivate/lick limbs;
regurgitate fluids (insects)

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15
Q

thermo and osmoregulation

A

when body temerature gets too high, we get use our fluids for evaporative cooling. once we get too dehydrated, our blood salinity gets high. too high of a blood salinity damages our enztmes

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16
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

short appendages in cool, long appendages in heat; long appendages make sure heat is not concentrated at the core

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17
Q

Bark scorpion

A

No aposematic coloration
Tears prey with claws first
Then attacks with tail if it is too active

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18
Q

sky islands

A

A mountain habitat that is isolated by ‘seas’ of inhospitable conditions for the plants and animals that live on them

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19
Q

loop of Henle

A

does NOT concentrate urine; manufactures the concentration gradient of salty tissue that is responsible for concentrating urine

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20
Q

Loop of Henle descending loop

A

Water diffuses out of filtrate into (already) salty kidney tissue

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21
Q

torpor

A

reduced metabolic rate, allow body temp to drop (still above ambient temp, but considerably lower that “normal”)

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22
Q

pinacate beete

A

Puts out noxious chemicals

Grasshopper mice eat this as well- Shake off the head on ground and eat butt

23
Q

Aposematic coloring examples

A

velvet ants, giant desert centipede, giant mesquite bug

24
Q

Spea bombifrons

A

more carnivorous, slower life cycle

25
Q

giant mesquite bug

A

Plant suckers for mesquite tree
Aposematic coloring = red/green/black
Taste terrible

26
Q

datura

A

sacred
vomiting=spiritual cleansing
hallucinations

27
Q

Loop of Henle ascending loop

A

active transport of sodium out of the filtrate, making the tissues around the loop extremely salty

28
Q

reasons for dispersal

A

avoid competition from parent; easier to evade predators, could find more favorable environment

29
Q

regal horned lizard

A

Slow
Prey is eggs, baby birds, and baby rabbits
Venom scares off predators
Causes pain

30
Q

increasing heat loss

A

radiate heat from skin, evaporative cooling, increase S/V, reduce/increase contact with substrate; reduce insulation

31
Q

brown fat

A

generates heat from mitochondria

32
Q

advantages/disadvantages of iteroparity

A

advantage: not every year will be a bad year; disadvantage: crop will never have maximum efficiency

33
Q

chagas disease

A

destroys red blood cells

34
Q

winter annuals in the sonoran

A

longer life cycles than summer annuals (I think)
frost resistant
cold germination cues

35
Q

stinger examples

A

vevet ants, tarantula hawk

36
Q

velvet ants

A

have aposematic colorarion
i.e. black, red, light grey
painful stings

37
Q

Kissing bug/ cone-nose bug

A

Chagas Disease
Destroys red blood cells
=blood flagellate

38
Q

transvolcanic jays

A

speciated away from Mexican jays a long time ago, now live with them in semalpatry, proof that speciation can occur due to genetic divergence, not just ecological divergence

39
Q

behavioral adaptations for dealing with cold stress long term

A

hibernation, profound dormancy, lower body temperature seasonally, avoid by migration, hoard food

40
Q

thermogenesis to deal with cold stress

A

increase metabolic rate; increase voluntary muscle activity; shiver; brown fat

41
Q

wind pollinator

A

less meat than animal pollinator, less color, less scent

42
Q

reducing heat loss to deal with cold stress

A

lessen blood flow to skin/extremities; decrease surface are to volume ratio by huddling with others or entering a fetal position; increase insulation through fur/down and piloerection; increase body fat

43
Q

Pep carboxylase

A

enzyme that attracts CO2 for C4 photosynthesis, does not have an affinity for O2

44
Q

leaf characteristics of dealing with heat stress

A

idk

45
Q

purposes of venom

A

1) Incapacitate (to slow down/disable prey as they try to run away)
2) Pre-digestion (as the prey is still alive)
3) Pain (often used as a warning for predators who remember the pain from previous attempts to eat this species)

46
Q

asymmetrical endotherm metabolic rate

A

high in cold temperatures to keep animal warm; at high temperatures, the endotherm experiences hyperthermy and its metabolism also increases

47
Q

Collecting ducts

A

collect filtrate from Loops of Henle, pass thru the salty tissue of kidney. Outer membrane of CD permeable to water→water passes from filtrate into salty tissue, concentrating urine. Outer membrane not permeable to water→no water loss from filtrate, copious, dilute urine passes from body.

48
Q

Resorption

A

retrieval system used to get the salts, sugars and amino acids back from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubules

49
Q

behavioral adaptations for dealing with cold stress short term

A

torpor, overnight body temperature reduction, change microhabitat

50
Q

sources of water

A

1) standing water
2) water from food
3) metabolic water

51
Q

Tarantula hawk

A

some have really painful/intense stings

52
Q

Filtration

A

salts, sugars, amino acids leaves the bloodstream. Takes place in glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule

53
Q

Alexander Von Humboldt

A

discovered that latitudinal change mimics elevational change in terms of vegetaion

Deserts (5 decks)

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