Exam 5: Study Guide

Question 1

Family forms

Answer 1

Patterns of people considered by family members to be included in the family.

Question 2

What are the four major family forms?

Answer 2

Nuclear, extended, single-parent, and blended.

Question 3

Nuclear family

Answer 3

The nuclear family consists of husband and wife (and perhaps one or more children).

Question 4

Extended family

Answer 4

The extended family includes relatives (aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins) in addition to the nuclear family.

Question 5

Single-parent family

Answer 5

The single-parent family is formed when one parent leaves the nuclear family because of death, divorce, or desertion or when a single person decides to have or adopt a child.

Question 6

Blended family

Answer 6

The blended family is formed when parents bring unrelated children from prior adoptive or foster parenting relationships into a new, joint living situation.

Question 7

What are the attributes of families?

Answer 7

Structure, function, the family and health.

Question 8

Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development

Answer 8

States that individuals go through five stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body: the mouth, the anus, and the genitals.

Question 9

What occurs during the, “Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months),” stage of Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development?

Answer 9

Initially sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights. Late in this stage the infant begins to realize that the mother/parent is something separate from self.

Question 10

What occurs during the, “Anal (12 to 18 months to 3 years),” stage of Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development?

Answer 10

The focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. Children become increasingly aware of the pleasurable sensations of this body region with interest in the products of their effort.

Question 11

What occurs during the, “Phallic (3 to 6 years),” stage of Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development?

Answer 11

The genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage. The boy becomes interested in the penis; the girl becomes aware of the absence of the penis. This is a time of exploration and imagination as the child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as his or her first love interest.

Question 12

What occurs during the, “Latency (6 to 12 years),” stage of Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development?

Answer 12

In this stage Freud believed that sexual urges from the earlier oedipal stage are repressed and chan­ neled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.

Question 13

What occurs during the, “Genital (Puberty through adulthood),” stage of Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development?

Answer 13

In this final stage sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

Question 14

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 14

States that individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next one. Each task is framed with opposing conflicts, and tasks once mastered are chal­ lenged and tested again during new situations or at times of conflict.

Question 15

What are the eight stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 15

Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year), autonomy vs. sense of shame and doubt (1 to 3 years), initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years), industry vs. inferiority (6 to 11 years), identity vs. role confusion (puberty), intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation (middle adult), integrity vs. despair (old age).

Question 16

What is an embryo?

Answer 16

An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

Question 17

Pre-embryonic stage

Answer 17

First 14 days.

Question 18

Embryonic stage

Answer 18

Day 15 until the eighth week.

Question 19

Fetal stage

Answer 19

End of the eighth week until birth.

Question 20

Placenta

Answer 20

Begins development at the third week of the embryonic stage and produces essential hormones that help main­ tain the pregnancy. It functions as the fetal lungs, kidneys, gastro­ intestinal tract, and an endocrine organ.

Question 21

Fetus

Answer 21

An unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.

Question 22

What physical changes occur during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life?

Answer 22

The most extreme physiological change occurs when the newborn leaves the utero circulation and develops independent circulatory and respiratory functioning.

Question 23

What psychosocial changes occur during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life?

Answer 23

After immediate physical evaluation and application of identifica­ tion bracelets, the nurse promotes the parents’ and newborn’s need for close physical contact. Early parent­child interaction encour­ ages parent­child attachment. Close body contact, often includ­ ing breastfeeding, is a satisfying way for most families to start bonding

Question 24

What psychosocial changes occurs during young adulthood?

Answer 24

Lifestyle, career, sexuality, childbearing cycle, type of family, parenthood, emotional health.

Question 25

What are health risk factors of young adults?

Answer 25

Family history, personal hygiene habits, smoking, violent death and injury, substance abuse, unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections.

Question 26

What are health concerns of young adults?

Answer 26

Stress, infertility, obesity, exercise, pregnant women, childbearing, acute care, restorative and continuing care.

Question 27

What psychosocial changes occur during middle adulthood?

Answer 27

The psychosocial changes in the middle adult involve expected events such as children moving away from home and unexpected events such as a marital separation or the death of a close friend. Career changes occur by choice or as a result of changes in the workplace or society. After the departure of their last child from the home, many couples recultivate their relationships and find increased marital and sexual satisfaction during middle age.

Question 28

What are health concerns of middle adults?

Answer 28

Health promotion, stress reduction, obesity, forming positive health habits, anxiety, depression, community health programs, restorative and continuing care.

Question 29

What are myths and stereotypes of older adults?

Answer 29

These include false ideas about their physical and psychosocial characteristics and lifestyles. Some people stereotype older adults as ill, disabled, and physi- cally unattractive. Misconceptions about their financial status range from beliefs that many are affluent to beliefs that many are poor. Some people equate worth with productivity; therefore they think that older adults become worthless after they leave the workforce. Others consider their knowledge and experience too outdated to have any current value.

Question 30

What physiological changes occur during older adulthood?

Answer 30

With aging the skin loses resilience and moisture. The epithelial layer thins, and elastic collagen fibers shrink and become rigid. The facial features of the older adult may become more pronounced from loss of subcutaneous fat and skin elasticity. Respiratory muscle strength begins to decrease, and the anteropos- terior diameter of the thorax increases. Vertebral changes caused by osteoporosis lead to dorsal kyphosis, the curvature of the thoracic spine. Decreased contractile strength of the myocardium results in decreased cardiac output. As estrogen production diminishes, the milk ducts of the breasts are replaced by fat, making breast tissue less firm. Decreased muscle mass, tone, and elasticity result in smaller breasts in older women. Aging leads to an increase in the amount of fatty tissue in the trunk. Female menopause is related to a reduced responsiveness of the ovaries to pituitary hormones and a resultant decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels. In men there is no definite cessation of fertility associated with aging. Hypertrophy of the prostate gland is fre- quently seen in older men. Muscle strength diminishes in proportion to the decline in muscle mass. A decrease in the number and size of neurons in the nervous system begins in the middle of the second decade.

Question 31

What cognitive changes occur during older adulthood?

Answer 31

Delirium, dementia, depression.

Question 32

Delirium

Answer 32

Is potentially a reversible cognitive impairment that often has a physiological cause.

Question 33

Dementia

Answer 33

Is a generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning.

Question 34

Depression

Answer 34

Is the most common, yet most undetected and untreated, impairment in older adulthood.

Question 35

What psychosocial changes occur during older adulthood?

Answer 35

The psychosocial changes occurring during aging involve life transitions and loss. Many often mistakenly associate retirement with passivity and seclusion. Many older adults experience social isolation. All older adults, whether healthy or frail, need to express their sexual feelings. Changes in social roles, family responsibilities, and health status influence their living arrangements.

Question 36

What are physiological health concerns in older adults?

Answer 36

Heart disease, stroke, smoking, alcohol abuse, nutrition, dental problems, exercise, falls, sensory impairments, pain, medication use.

Question 37

What are psychosocial health in older adults?

Answer 37

Therapeutic communication, touch, reality orientation, validation therapy, reminiscence, body-image interventions.

Question 38

What are factors that influence activity and exercise?

Answer 38

Developmental changes, behavioral aspects, environmental issues, cultural and ethics influences, family and social support.

Question 39

What body systems are responsible for the regulation of movement?

Answer 39

Skeletal, muscular, and nervous.

Question 40

What are the five functions of bones?

Answer 40

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

Question 41

Joint

Answer 41

A connection between bones.

Question 42

Fibrous joint

Answer 42

Fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little, if any, movement such as the syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula.

Question 43

Cartilaginous joint

Answer 43

Have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate body surfaces such as the synchondrosis that attaches the ribs to the costal cartilage.

Question 44

Synovial joints

Answer 44

True joints, such as the hinge type at the elbow, are freely movable and the most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex body joints.

Question 45

Ligaments

Answer 45

White, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage. They are elastic and aid joint flexibility and support.

Question 46

Tendons

Answer 46

White, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone.

Question 47

Carrilage

Answer 47

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue with the flexibility of a firm, plastic mate- rial. Because of its gristle-like nature, cartilage sustains weight and serves as a shock absorber between articulating bones.

Question 48

Skeletal muscle

Answer 48

Contraction of skeletal muscles allows people to walk, talk, run, breathe, or participate in physical activity.

Question 49

What are the muscles that are concerned with movement?

Answer 49

The muscles of movement are located near the skeletal region, where a lever system causes movement.

Question 50

What are the muscles that are concerned with posture?

Answer 50

Gravity continually pulls on parts of the body; the only way the body is held in position is for muscles to pull on bones in the opposite direction.

Question 51

Antagonistic muscles

Answer 51

Cause movement at the joint. During movement the active mover muscle contracts while its antagonist relaxes.

Question 52

Synergistic muscles

Answer 52

Contract to accomplish the same movement.

Question 53

Antigravity muscles

Answer 53

Stabilize joints. These muscles continu- ously oppose the effect of gravity on the body and permit a person to maintain an upright or sitting posture.

Question 54

Nervous system

Answer 54

The nervous system regulates movement and posture.

Question 55

Proprioception

Answer 55

Is the awareness of the position of the body and its parts.

Question 56

Balance

Answer 56

A person needs adequate balance to stand, run, lift, or perform ADLs. The nervous system controls balance specifically through the cerebellum and the inner ear.

Question 57

Temperament

Answer 57

Is a behavioral style that affects an individual’s emotional interactions with others.

Question 58

What are the three basic classes of temperament?

Answer 58

The easy child, the difficult child, and the slow-to-warm up child.

Question 59

Easy child

Answer 59

Easy going and even-tempered. This child is regular and predictable in his or her habits. An easy child is open and adaptable to change and displays a mild-to-moderately intense mood that is typically positive.

Question 60

The difficult child

Answer 60

Highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits. Negative withdrawal toward others is typical, and the child requires a more structured environment. A difficult child adapts slowly to new routines, people, or situations. Mood expressions are usually intense and primarily negative.

Question 61

The slow-to-warm up child

Answer 61

Typically reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. The child adapts slowly with repeated contact unless pressured and responds with mild but passive resistance to novelty or changes in routine.

Question 62

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 62

Includes four periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding.

Question 63

What occurs during the, “Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years),” stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 63

Infants develop an action pattern for dealing with the environment. During this stage, the child learns about himself and his environment through motor and reflex actions.

Question 64

What occurs during the, “Preoperational (2 to 7 years),” stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 64

During this time children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. They believe that everyone experiences the world exactly as they do. Children at this stage have difficulty conceptualizing time. Play becomes a primary means by which they foster their cognitive development.

Question 65

What occurs during the, “Concrete operations (7 to 11 years),” stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 65

Children are now able to perform mental operations. They are now able to describe a process without actually doing it. Reversibility is one of the primary characteristics of concrete operational thought.

Question 66

What occurs during the, “Formal operations (11 years to adulthood),” stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 66

The transition from concrete to formal operational thinking occurs in stages during which there is a prevalence of egocentric thought. This lead adolescents to demonstrate feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness. As adolescents mature, their thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects.

Question 67

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 67

The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor.

Question 68

What occurs during the, “punishment and obedience orientation,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 68

A child’s response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules; avoiding punishment.

Question 69

What occurs during the, “instrumental relativist orientation,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 69

The child recognizes that there is more than one right view. The decision to do something morally right is based on satisfying one’s own needs and occasionally needs of others.

Question 70

What occurs during the, “good boy-nice girl orientation,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 70

The individual wants to win approval and maintain expectations of on’e immediate group.

Question 71

What occurs during the, “society maintaining orientation,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 71

Individuals expand their focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns. Moral decisions take into account societal perspectives.

Question 72

What occurs during the, “social contract,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 72

An individual follows the societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society.

Question 73

What occurs during the, “universal ethical principle orientation,” stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 73

These principles are abstract. An individual may not follow a law if it does not seem just to the racial group.