Exam 5 LAST EXAM FUCKERS!!!!

Question 1

What is the job of tonsils?

Answer 1

To guard the entryway of the oral cavity

Question 2

Where is the enteric nervous system located and what is the job of the enteric nervous system?

Answer 2

Its job is to digest food. Can run the system forwards or backwards, expel noxious elements, and prolong or shorten digestive process as needs dictate.
“The guts brain” Located in the sheaths of tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon.

Question 3

What is the job of salivary amylase?

Answer 3

Break apart starch and glycogen into sugars

Question 4

What is the job of salivary mucous?

Answer 4

Binds the food particles together

Question 5

What is peristaltic movement?

Answer 5

Muscular contractions that moves the bolus of food through the esophagus

Question 6

What are the 2 jobs of the acidic environment of the human stomach?

Answer 6

Dissolve ingested food and kill pathogens that have entered with food

Question 7

What are the ridges on the walls of the stomach called?

Answer 7

Rugae

Question 8

What is the job of the rugae of the stomach?

Answer 8

To unfold and allow the stomach to expand when food enters

Question 9

What is the job of chief cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?

Answer 9

Secrete digestive enzymes

Question 10

What is the job of parietal cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?

Answer 10

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 11

What signals the digestive system to release digestive enzymes?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 12

What is the job of the hormone intrinsic factor?

Answer 12

Helps the small intestine absorb vitamin B12

Question 13

What is chyme?

Answer 13

Acidic stomach digestion fluid

Question 14

What is the job of the hormone secretin that is released by the duodenum?

Answer 14

Stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions into the duodenum that will neutralize the PH

Question 15

what is the job of pancreatic amylase?

Answer 15

Breaks starch and glycogen into sugars

Question 16

What is the job of pancreatic lipase?

Answer 16

Breaks triglyceride molecules into fatty acids

Question 17

What is the job of nucleases?

Answer 17

Breaks nucleic acids into nucleotides

Question 18

What is the job of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases?

Answer 18

Breaks proteins into amino acids

Question 19

What is the job of the liver?

Answer 19

Detoxifier

Question 20

What is the job of the hepatic portal system?

Answer 20

Carries blood from the digestive system to the liver

Question 21

What is the job of bile salts that are secreted by the gall bladder?

Answer 21

To emulsify fat (break fat into smaller globules)

Question 22

What is the job of Kupfer cells and where are these cells located?

Answer 22

Cells located in the liver that are phagocytic macrophages the kill pathogens before they infect the body

Question 23

Explain how the duodenum regulates pancreatic and gall bladder secretions.

Answer 23

Chyme enters the duodenum causing the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum to release secretin and CCK

CCK and secretin enter blood stream

Upon reaching the pancreas, CCK induces secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice; secretin causes the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Secretin causes the liver to secrete more bile; CCK stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax (allows bile to enter the duodenum)

Stimulation by vagal nerve fibers causes release of pancreatic juice and weak contractions of the gallbladder

Question 24

What is the job of the appendix?

Answer 24

Closed end sax that is lymphatic tissue

Question 25

What is the job of the large intestines?

Answer 25

To reabsorb water to prevent water loss

Question 26

Write the reaction that describes photosynthesis. Label all molecules.

Answer 26

6 CO2 + 6 H20 ➡️ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide + water ➡️ glucose + oxygen

Question 27

Write the reaction that describes where humans get energy and what the waste products are. Label all molecules.

Answer 27

C6H1206 + 6 O2 ➡️ 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP
Glucose+Oxygen gas ➡️ carbon dioxide +water+ATP

Question 28

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 28

Action to make mad amounts of ATP

Question 29

How many amino acids must humans have within them in order to survive?

Answer 29

20

Question 30

How many amino acids must humans consume because the body lacks the ability to manufacture them?

Answer 30

8

Question 31

What happens if your body lacks one of the 20 essential amino acids?

Answer 31

You die of starvation

Question 32

Possible short answer question:
What are the 5 jobs of the urinary system?

Answer 32

Removes nitrogenous wastes and excess salts
Maintain normal concentration of water in the body
Regulates pH in the body
Controls red blood cell production
Controls blood pressure

Question 33

Why does such a large proportion of the blood flow (25%) go to the kidneys in the circulation?

Answer 33

So that toxins are removed before the blood is passed to the tissues

Question 34

What is the job of the glomerulus?

Answer 34

Pass the liquid portion of the blood or of the blood suspension

Question 35

What is the fluid that is extracted by the glomerulus called?

Answer 35

Filtrate

Question 36

List in order, the names of the tubular structures of the nephron.

Answer 36

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henley
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 37

What is the ATP requiring mechanism that moves sodium ions (Na+) from the filtrate back into the circulation?

Answer 37

Sodium potassium pump

Question 38

When Na+ is moved from the filtrate back into the body, why does water also move back into the body?

Answer 38

Water follows solute particles, water follows Na+ into peritubular capillary and is conserved

Question 39

What is the job of the loop on Henle?

Answer 39

Is to create a high concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the renal pyramid

Question 40

Possible short answer question:
How does the high concentration of Na+ and Cl- allow the kidney to excrete more concentrated urine?

Answer 40

High Na+ and Cl- draw water out of collecting duct via osmosis leading to increase urine production

Question 41

Describe in detail how the activation of the renin-angiotensin system affects blood pressure:

Answer 41

1.The renin angiotensin system is activated by the release of angiotensin by the liver into the bloodstream.
2.Then the kidneys release renin that binds to angiotensin that converts to Angiotensin I.
3.Then the lung capillaries release Angiotensin-converting enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction, aldosterone is secreted, increased ADH secretion, and increased thirst.

Question 42

What is micturition?

Answer 42

“Urination”, when the muscle surrounding the bladder contracts along with the muscles of the abdomen

Question 43

What is the intracellular compartment?

Answer 43

Fluid inside of cells

Question 44

What is the extra cellular compartment?

Answer 44

Fluid outside of cells

Question 45

What is a solvent? What is the solvent of the human body?

Answer 45

The liquid in which electrolytes float
In the human body its water

Question 46

What is a solute? Give and example of a solute in the human body.

Answer 46

The particles that are in the solution
In the human body could be electrolytes, proteins, sugars, or any molecule in the solution

Question 47

How does the inside of a living cell differ from the outside of the cell in terms of the ions that are present?

Answer 47

Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. K+ concentration is high inside that its outside.

Question 48

Possible short answer question:
When you are severely dehydrated, water is lost from the interstitial space. What is the result of this loss of interstitial water on the concentration of ions in the interstitial space?

Answer 48

When interstitial water is lost the concentration of ions in the interstitial space increases

Question 49

What is edema? How do you test your patient for this condition?

Answer 49

Accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space cause by the movement of solutes out of the intracellular space into extracellular.
Apply pressure to the limb leaves and indentation the recovers over several seconds.

Question 50

Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid. Give an example of each type of acid.

Answer 50

Strong acid (ex: HCI) dissociate completely in water.
Week acids (ex: H2CO3) only partially dissociate in water

Question 51

What is the job of a buffer molecule?

Answer 51

Prevent pH from changing

Question 52

What is the normal pH range of the human body?

Answer 52

7.35 and 7.45

Question 53

Name the 3 buffer systems used by the human body

Answer 53

Bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffering system

Question 54

Possible short answer question:
Explain how a buffer works:

Answer 54

The buffers absorb excess H+ so that the pH doesn’t change

excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-) to keep the pH relatively constant; when a strong acid is added, the conjugate base in the buffer reacts to neutralize it, and when a strong base is added, the weak acid in the buffer reacts to neutralize it

Question 55

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 55

Fluid outside of cells and within tissues

Question 56

What is plasma?

Answer 56

Fluid portion of blood

Question 57

What is lymph?

Answer 57

Fluid in lymph vessels

Question 58

What is transcellular fluid?

Answer 58

Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid in joints

Question 59

What are electrolytes? Give and example of an electrolyte

Answer 59

charged particles in solution, ions such as Na+ or K+

Question 60

If one body compartment has more solute particles that another body compartment, in which direction will water move?

Answer 60

Then water will flow into that compartment until the number of solute particles per mL is the same (osmosis)

Question 61

On which side of a cell membrane is the sodium ion (Na+) concentration higher?

Answer 61

Outside

Question 62

On which side of the cell membrane is the potassium ion (K+) concentration higher?

Answer 62

Inside

Question 63

Possible short answer question:
When you are dehydrated and you have lost water in the interstitial space, in which direction will the water inside of your cells move? Will this cause cells to shrink or expand?

Answer 63

causes the concentration of solute in the extracellular compartment to increase and this draws water out of the cell causing them to shrink

Question 64

Possible short answer question:
What is water intoxication? Does water in this condition flow into or out of the cells?

Answer 64

The excess water in your system dilutes the extracellular fluid. The concentration of solute particles per milliliter is reduced. This causes water, by the law of osmosis, to move into the cell causing it to overfill and swell up. Cell could expand to the point of bursting which can lead to death.

Water follows solute so water moves form extracellular to intracellular

Question 65

Define acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 65

Ph below 7.35= acidosis
Ph above 7.45= alkalosis

Question 66

What is the job of the prostate gland in males?

Answer 66

Is to secrete a milky fluid that adjusts the pH of the ejaculate and activates the sperm cells

Question 67

What is the job of bulbourethral glands in males?

Answer 67

Secrete fluid that neutralizes the ph of the urethra prior ejaculation

Question 68

What is the job of seminal vesicles in males?

Answer 68

Secrete fluid that nourishes the sperm cells

Question 69

Where are the seminiferous tubules located and what is the job of the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 69

Located within the testes. Sperm cells are made in the seminiferous tubules

Question 70

What is the job of the process of meiosis? How is meiosis different from mitosis.

Answer 70

has one DNA replication and two cell divisions.
The job of meiosis is to produce gametes with half of the normal number of chromosomes.

Question 71

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 71

process of sperm cell formation that begins at puberty. Produces sperm cells that are haploid.

Question 72

Possible short answer question:
What is the blood testis barrier? Why is this barrier important for reproduction.

Answer 72

Barrier in which sperm cells develop within.
It is important because sperm must not be exposed to the dad’s immune system or that system will destroy sperm cells. The sperm cells must not wear dad’s uniform or the mom’s immune system will destroy the sperm cells.

Question 73

What is the job of the acrosome?

Answer 73

Carries and enzyme that will enable the sperm to penetrate the Barrier that covers the egg

Question 74

Describe the hormonal cues the cause the origin and maturation of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules:

Answer 74

Hypothalamus releases GnRH, GnRh stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH and LH, those stimulate interstitial cells in testis to release testosterone and inhibin. Testosterone stimulate sperm production

Question 75

When does an egg become a zygote? Are zygotes haploid or diploid.

Answer 75

When haploid egg fuses with the haploid sperm a diploid zygote is produced

Question 76

What is ovulation?

Answer 76

The release of the egg (secondary oocyte) from the ovary. Egg now enters the uterine tube

Question 77

What is oogenesis? Are eggs haploid or diploid?

Answer 77

Process of egg formation that begins at puberty. Produces eggs that are haploid

Question 78

What are fimbriae?

Answer 78

Fingerlike extension of uterine tube that have cilia that sweep the ovulated egg into the uterine tube

Question 79

What is a vulva?

Answer 79

Female external genital organ

Question 80

To what structure does the vagina lead?

Answer 80

Extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

Question 81

What is the male equivalent of the clitoris?

Answer 81

Penile glans

Question 82

What is the job of the vestibular glands in females? To what glands in males do vestibular glands in females correspond?

Answer 82

Secretory glands. Corresponds to bulbourethral glands in males

Question 83

The entrance to the uterus is named:

Answer 83

Cervix

Question 84

When are the primary follicles in human females produced?

Answer 84

At birth, the ovaries are populated with primordial follicles. Primordial follicles mature into primary follicles

Question 85

What is the job of the corpus luteum?

Answer 85

Releases hormones that signal the uterus that the egg is on the way

Question 86

Where does fertilization of the egg normally occur in humans?

Answer 86

Within the uterine tube

Question 87

In what structure does the implantation of the zygote normally occur?

Answer 87

Uterine wall

Question 88

What is the hormonal signal that causes ovulation to occur?

Answer 88

The surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 89

What is the job of Trophoblast cells? Where are trophoblast cells located?

Answer 89

Form a barrier around the egg that isolates egg from moms immune system. In the uterine wall

Question 90

When is the hormone hcg secreted? What effect does hcg have on the pituitary gland?

Answer 90

The spike in HCG signals egg implantation and the beginning of pregnancy. The job is to stimulate uterine wall development to support the egg.
Also inhibits the pituitary gland from secreting LH and FSH to prevent other ovulation.

Question 91

Describe the capillary beds of the placenta.

Answer 91

They are separate for the mothers.

Question 92

What is a morula?

Answer 92

Solid ball of cells produced by mitosis division of zygote

Question 93

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 93

Hollow ball of cells that the morula develops into. Embeds into the uterine wall

Question 94

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

Answer 94

Mass of cells within the blastocyst

Question 95

When does an embryo become a fetus?

Answer 95

8th week

Question 96

What is the amnion?

Answer 96

Membrane that surround the developing fetus

Question 97

What is a teratogen?

Answer 97

Factors that cause birth defects

Question 98

Describe the positive feedback mechanism that drives the birthing process of humans:

Answer 98

Continually increase the release of the hormone oxytocin which promotes the delivery process.

Positive feedback: the stretching of the cervix causes the uterine muscles to contract more strongly. The stretching of the cervix causes the pituitary to release more oxytocin that further
increases uterine muscle contraction.

Question 99

How many individual chromosomes does a normal human have?

Answer 99

46 arranged in 23 pairs

Question 100

A site on DNA that contains the recipe for a trait is known as:

Answer 100

Gene

Question 101

What is a gene loci?

Answer 101

Specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene is found

Question 102

Possible short answer question:
What is a genome? How does the genome of humans differ from the genome of another species?

Answer 102

A genome is the total genetic information carried by an organism. The genomes of different organism are different for example humans do not have the gene to make feathers.