Exam 5 LAST EXAM FUCKERS!!!! Flashcards by Allegra Osorio

Q

What is the job of tonsils?

A

To guard the entryway of the oral cavity

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Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located and what is the job of the enteric nervous system?

A

Its job is to digest food. Can run the system forwards or backwards, expel noxious elements, and prolong or shorten digestive process as needs dictate.
“The guts brain” Located in the sheaths of tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon.

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Q

What is the job of salivary amylase?

A

Break apart starch and glycogen into sugars

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Q

What is the job of salivary mucous?

A

Binds the food particles together

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Q

What is peristaltic movement?

A

Muscular contractions that moves the bolus of food through the esophagus

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Q

What are the 2 jobs of the acidic environment of the human stomach?

A

Dissolve ingested food and kill pathogens that have entered with food

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Q

What are the ridges on the walls of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

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Q

What is the job of the rugae of the stomach?

A

To unfold and allow the stomach to expand when food enters

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Q

What is the job of chief cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

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Q

What is the job of parietal cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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Q

What signals the digestive system to release digestive enzymes?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Q

What is the job of the hormone intrinsic factor?

A

Helps the small intestine absorb vitamin B12

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Q

What is chyme?

A

Acidic stomach digestion fluid

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Q

What is the job of the hormone secretin that is released by the duodenum?

A

Stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions into the duodenum that will neutralize the PH

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Q

what is the job of pancreatic amylase?

A

Breaks starch and glycogen into sugars

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Q

What is the job of pancreatic lipase?

A

Breaks triglyceride molecules into fatty acids

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Q

What is the job of nucleases?

A

Breaks nucleic acids into nucleotides

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Q

What is the job of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases?

A

Breaks proteins into amino acids

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Q

What is the job of the liver?

A

Detoxifier

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Q

What is the job of the hepatic portal system?

A

Carries blood from the digestive system to the liver

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Q

What is the job of bile salts that are secreted by the gall bladder?

A

To emulsify fat (break fat into smaller globules)

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Q

What is the job of Kupfer cells and where are these cells located?

A

Cells located in the liver that are phagocytic macrophages the kill pathogens before they infect the body

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Q

Explain how the duodenum regulates pancreatic and gall bladder secretions.

A

Chyme enters the duodenum causing the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum to release secretin and CCK

CCK and secretin enter blood stream

Upon reaching the pancreas, CCK induces secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice; secretin causes the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Secretin causes the liver to secrete more bile; CCK stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax (allows bile to enter the duodenum)

Stimulation by vagal nerve fibers causes release of pancreatic juice and weak contractions of the gallbladder

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Q

What is the job of the appendix?

A

Closed end sax that is lymphatic tissue

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What is the job of the large intestines?

To reabsorb water to prevent water loss

Write the reaction that describes photosynthesis. Label all molecules.

6 CO2 + 6 H20 ➡️ C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon dioxide + water ➡️ glucose + oxygen

Write the reaction that describes where humans get energy and what the waste products are. Label all molecules.

C6H1206 + 6 O2 ➡️ 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP Glucose+Oxygen gas ➡️ carbon dioxide +water+ATP

What is cellular respiration?

Action to make mad amounts of ATP

How many amino acids must humans have within them in order to survive?

20

How many amino acids must humans consume because the body lacks the ability to manufacture them?

8

What happens if your body lacks one of the 20 essential amino acids?

You die of starvation

Possible short answer question: What are the 5 jobs of the urinary system?

Removes nitrogenous wastes and excess salts Maintain normal concentration of water in the body Regulates pH in the body Controls red blood cell production Controls blood pressure

Why does such a large proportion of the blood flow (25%) go to the kidneys in the circulation?

So that toxins are removed before the blood is passed to the tissues

What is the job of the glomerulus?

Pass the liquid portion of the blood or of the blood suspension

What is the fluid that is extracted by the glomerulus called?

Filtrate

List in order, the names of the tubular structures of the nephron.

Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henley Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

What is the ATP requiring mechanism that moves sodium ions (Na+) from the filtrate back into the circulation?

Sodium potassium pump

When Na+ is moved from the filtrate back into the body, why does water also move back into the body?

Water follows solute particles, water follows Na+ into peritubular capillary and is conserved

What is the job of the loop on Henle?

Is to create a high concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the renal pyramid

Possible short answer question: How does the high concentration of Na+ and Cl- allow the kidney to excrete more concentrated urine?

High Na+ and Cl- draw water out of collecting duct via osmosis leading to increase urine production

Describe in detail how the activation of the renin-angiotensin system affects blood pressure:

1.The renin angiotensin system is activated by the release of angiotensin by the liver into the bloodstream. 2.Then the kidneys release renin that binds to angiotensin that converts to Angiotensin I. 3.Then the lung capillaries release Angiotensin-converting enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction, aldosterone is secreted, increased ADH secretion, and increased thirst.

What is micturition?

“Urination”, when the muscle surrounding the bladder contracts along with the muscles of the abdomen

What is the intracellular compartment?

Fluid inside of cells

What is the extra cellular compartment?

Fluid outside of cells

What is a solvent? What is the solvent of the human body?

The liquid in which electrolytes float In the human body its water

What is a solute? Give and example of a solute in the human body.

The particles that are in the solution In the human body could be electrolytes, proteins, sugars, or any molecule in the solution

How does the inside of a living cell differ from the outside of the cell in terms of the ions that are present?

Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. K+ concentration is high inside that its outside.

Possible short answer question: When you are severely dehydrated, water is lost from the interstitial space. What is the result of this loss of interstitial water on the concentration of ions in the interstitial space?

When interstitial water is lost the concentration of ions in the interstitial space increases

What is edema? How do you test your patient for this condition?

Accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space cause by the movement of solutes out of the intracellular space into extracellular. Apply pressure to the limb leaves and indentation the recovers over several seconds.

Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid. Give an example of each type of acid.

Strong acid (ex: HCI) dissociate completely in water. Week acids (ex: H2CO3) only partially dissociate in water

What is the job of a buffer molecule?

Prevent pH from changing

What is the normal pH range of the human body?

7.35 and 7.45

Name the 3 buffer systems used by the human body

Bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffering system

Possible short answer question: Explain how a buffer works:

The buffers absorb excess H+ so that the pH doesn’t change excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-) to keep the pH relatively constant; when a strong acid is added, the conjugate base in the buffer reacts to neutralize it, and when a strong base is added, the weak acid in the buffer reacts to neutralize it

What is interstitial fluid?

Fluid outside of cells and within tissues

What is plasma?

Fluid portion of blood

What is lymph?

Fluid in lymph vessels

What is transcellular fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid in joints

What are electrolytes? Give and example of an electrolyte

charged particles in solution, ions such as Na+ or K+

If one body compartment has more solute particles that another body compartment, in which direction will water move?

Then water will flow into that compartment until the number of solute particles per mL is the same (osmosis)

On which side of a cell membrane is the sodium ion (Na+) concentration higher?

Outside

On which side of the cell membrane is the potassium ion (K+) concentration higher?

Inside

Possible short answer question: When you are dehydrated and you have lost water in the interstitial space, in which direction will the water inside of your cells move? Will this cause cells to shrink or expand?

causes the concentration of solute in the extracellular compartment to increase and this draws water out of the cell causing them to shrink

Possible short answer question: What is water intoxication? Does water in this condition flow into or out of the cells?

The excess water in your system dilutes the extracellular fluid. The concentration of solute particles per milliliter is reduced. This causes water, by the law of osmosis, to move into the cell causing it to overfill and swell up. Cell could expand to the point of bursting which can lead to death. Water follows solute so water moves form extracellular to intracellular

Define acidosis and alkalosis

Ph below 7.35= acidosis Ph above 7.45= alkalosis

What is the job of the prostate gland in males?

Is to secrete a milky fluid that adjusts the pH of the ejaculate and activates the sperm cells

What is the job of bulbourethral glands in males?

Secrete fluid that neutralizes the ph of the urethra prior ejaculation

What is the job of seminal vesicles in males?

Secrete fluid that nourishes the sperm cells

Where are the seminiferous tubules located and what is the job of the seminiferous tubules?

Located within the testes. Sperm cells are made in the seminiferous tubules

What is the job of the process of meiosis? How is meiosis different from mitosis.

has one DNA replication and two cell divisions. The job of meiosis is to produce gametes with half of the normal number of chromosomes.

What is spermatogenesis?

process of sperm cell formation that begins at puberty. Produces sperm cells that are haploid.

Possible short answer question: What is the blood testis barrier? Why is this barrier important for reproduction.

Barrier in which sperm cells develop within. It is important because sperm must not be exposed to the dad’s immune system or that system will destroy sperm cells. The sperm cells must not wear dad’s uniform or the mom’s immune system will destroy the sperm cells.

What is the job of the acrosome?

Carries and enzyme that will enable the sperm to penetrate the Barrier that covers the egg

Describe the hormonal cues the cause the origin and maturation of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules:

Hypothalamus releases GnRH, GnRh stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH and LH, those stimulate interstitial cells in testis to release testosterone and inhibin. Testosterone stimulate sperm production

When does an egg become a zygote? Are zygotes haploid or diploid.

When haploid egg fuses with the haploid sperm a diploid zygote is produced

What is ovulation?

The release of the egg (secondary oocyte) from the ovary. Egg now enters the uterine tube

What is oogenesis? Are eggs haploid or diploid?

Process of egg formation that begins at puberty. Produces eggs that are haploid

What are fimbriae?

Fingerlike extension of uterine tube that have cilia that sweep the ovulated egg into the uterine tube

What is a vulva?

Female external genital organ

To what structure does the vagina lead?

Extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

What is the male equivalent of the clitoris?

Penile glans

What is the job of the vestibular glands in females? To what glands in males do vestibular glands in females correspond?

Secretory glands. Corresponds to bulbourethral glands in males

The entrance to the uterus is named:

Cervix

When are the primary follicles in human females produced?

At birth, the ovaries are populated with primordial follicles. Primordial follicles mature into primary follicles

What is the job of the corpus luteum?

Releases hormones that signal the uterus that the egg is on the way

Where does fertilization of the egg normally occur in humans?

Within the uterine tube

In what structure does the implantation of the zygote normally occur?

Uterine wall

What is the hormonal signal that causes ovulation to occur?

The surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)

What is the job of Trophoblast cells? Where are trophoblast cells located?

Form a barrier around the egg that isolates egg from moms immune system. In the uterine wall

When is the hormone hcg secreted? What effect does hcg have on the pituitary gland?

The spike in HCG signals egg implantation and the beginning of pregnancy. The job is to stimulate uterine wall development to support the egg. Also inhibits the pituitary gland from secreting LH and FSH to prevent other ovulation.

Describe the capillary beds of the placenta.

They are separate for the mothers.

What is a morula?

Solid ball of cells produced by mitosis division of zygote

What is a blastocyst?

Hollow ball of cells that the morula develops into. Embeds into the uterine wall

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

Mass of cells within the blastocyst

When does an embryo become a fetus?

8th week

What is the amnion?

Membrane that surround the developing fetus

What is a teratogen?

Factors that cause birth defects

Describe the positive feedback mechanism that drives the birthing process of humans:

Continually increase the release of the hormone oxytocin which promotes the delivery process. Positive feedback: the stretching of the cervix causes the uterine muscles to contract more strongly. The stretching of the cervix causes the pituitary to release more oxytocin that further increases uterine muscle contraction.

How many individual chromosomes does a normal human have?

46 arranged in 23 pairs

A site on DNA that contains the recipe for a trait is known as:

Gene

What is a gene loci?

Specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene is found

Possible short answer question: What is a genome? How does the genome of humans differ from the genome of another species?

A genome is the total genetic information carried by an organism. The genomes of different organism are different for example humans do not have the gene to make feathers.