Exam 4 Flashcards
What are the 2 pumps of the heart
Pulmonary and systemic circuit
What is the job of the pulmonary circuit?
Sends and retrieves blood from lungs
What is the job of systemic circuit?
Sends and retrieves blood from the tissues of the body
What is an artery?
Vessel that carries blood away from the heart
What is a vein?
Vessel that carries blood towards the heart
What is the cardiac cycle?
Repeating sequence of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the heart
What is systole?
Phase in cardiac cycle during which ventricles are contracting(high pressure)
What is diastole?
Phase of cardiac cycle during which the ventricles have relaxed (low pressure)
Describe the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.
Parietal perdicardium wrapped the heart in a thick protective sheet.
Visceral pericardium inner layer that is fused to the surface
What is the space between the partial and visceral pericardium called, and what is the job of this space?
The pericardial cavity. Filled with slippery substance that reduces friction as the heart beats
What is the myocardium?
Muscle layer of the heart
Where is the endocardium and what’s its job?
Internal coating oil the heart chambers is a low friction surface
What is the job of the superior and inferior vena cava?
carries unoxygenated blood to the heart
What is the job of pulmonary areteries?
Carries unoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the job of pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What is the job of aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood to the body
Which ventricle has a thicker myocardium?
Left ventricle
What is the job of coronary arteries?
Blood supply to cardiac muscle is via coronary arteries
What is a thrombus
Blood clot within a blood vessel
What is an ischemia?
Reduction in the blood supply due to pathology
What is myocardial infarction?
Loss of the ability of the heart to pump blood. Typically due to loss of oxygen supplementation that results in deaths of cardiac muscle cells
What is endocarditis.
Inflammation of endocardium
Can lead to damage of heart valves
What is tachycardia?
Rapid heart rate at rest above 100 bpm
What is bradycardia?
Slow HR at rest below 60 bpm
What is the job of SA node?
Establishes rhythm, send signal generated by specialized atrial cells in sa node
What is the job of AV node?
Pass the electrical signal to contract from the atria to the ventricles
What is the job of the bundle branches?
Delay the signal so that the ventricles have time to fill with blood
What is the job of Purkinje cells in the heart?
Conduct the signal to contract at high speed to all ventricular muscles.
Possible short answer:
Explain how the heart rate is speeded up and slowed down to meet the demands of the environment on the body. What signaling molecules are involved? What systems are involved?
The brain controls the heart via molecules it releases from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic release norepinephrine to speed up the heart. Parasympathetic releases acetylcholine to slow down the heart.
Why must the blood pressure in the capillary beds be low?
Small diameter and thinned to allow gas exchange
Where is the hepatic portal system located and what is the job of the hepatic portal system?
Is to transport substances from the digestive tract to the liver for processing
Possible short answer:
What are the 3 jobs of the lymphatic system?
The jobs of lymphatic system are that it Drains excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carries out immune response.
What is edema?
Excess fluid in tissues
Possible short answer:
How does loss of lymphatic vessels lead to tissue edema?
As the blood circulates through the capillary beds, water leaks out of the blood. The excess waterier is transported back to the heart by the lymphatic system. Destruction of the lymphatic system results in tissue edema
How does fluid enter lymphatic vessels?
One way door that opens when anything pushes on it
What are lacteals? What is the job of lacteals?
Lymph vessels, are in digestive system to adsorb and transport large fat molecules
What is the job of lymph nodes?
To detect and destroy any non-self element that it comes in contact with
What is the job of the thymus?
Is to educate cells known as t lymonocytes that destroy non-self cells in the body
What is the job of spleen?
Is to engulf and destroy non-self cells as they enter the spleen
Possible short answer:
What is meant by the phrase ‘fail safe’ mechanism?
That if defensive system fails, there is another system that carries on the fight to destroy pathogens.
What are mechanical barriers of the immune system?
Skin and mucous membranes are barrier that prevent pathogens from entering the body
What are the chemical barriers of the immune system?
Acid the the stomach, antibacterial agents are secreted in the body fluids, ph of skin repels many bacterial types
What is the job of natural killer cells?
Cell type that destroys non-self cells
What is phagocytosis?
Immune cells are on patrol and destroy any cell that is not wearing the home teams uniform by engulfing them
What is the job of inflammation? What problem is it trying to solve?
Upon invasions or injury the body initiates this response of flooding the area with fluid, callin in immune cells and elevating temp.
Inhibit pathogen growth and proliferation.
The process of inflammation is the body mechanism of protecting itself.
Where are T lymphocytes made?
Thymus
Where are B lymphocytes made?
Bone marrow
What is the job of B lymphocytes?
Make antibodies of the immune system and remember the identities of pathogens it has encountered in the past
Possible short answer:
What is an antigen presenting cell and how does this cell type do its job?
Macrophages and B cells are antigen presenting cells. An antigen is taken in by endocytosis, the engulfing cell then presents a fragment of that antigen to a T cell that is thereby stimulated to seek and destroy the pathogen.
What is the job of memory T cells?
Remember the enemy
What is the job of helper T cells?
Release cytokines and interleukins that further stimulate immune cells
What is the job of the B cells?
Makes mass quantities of target specific antibodies
Possible short answer:
How does vaccination protect you from invading pathogens?
Vaccines provide the antigen presenting cells with an enemy antigen, without the enemy system becoming armed, but you don’t get sick.
The second invasion produces a rapid and aggressive response that kills the enemy before you get sick.
Possible short answer:
What are the 2 conflicting problems that the respiratory system must deal with?
1: The external world is hostile and filled with pathogens and hazardous conditions.
2:The human body is a high demand system requiring very delicate systems to maximize the rate of gas transport.
What is the job of goblet cells?
Secrete a sticky mucous layer that traps particulate matter and pathogens that you inhale
Possible short answer:
What is the job of mucociliary escalator system?
The epithelial cells of the trachea have cilia move the mucus layer upward in the trachea and then that mucus layer goes down your esophagus where the low pH destroys the pathogens
What are alveoli
Gas exchange part of the lung
What is bronchitis?
Irritation of brochcial tubes causes passageway to narrow causing difficulty breathing
What is the mechanism by which gas crosses the alveolar membrane?
Simple diffusion. Gas moves from high concentration to areas of low
What molecule carries oxygen in the human red blood cell?
Hemoglobin
What molecule transport CO2 in the human blood stream?
Bicarbonate ion
In tissues, what enzyme in the RBCs speeds up the conversion of CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid(H2CO3)?
Carbonic anhydrase
In alveoli. What enzyme in the RBCs speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is emphysema?
The alveoli expand and contract with each breath. Exposure to cigarette smoke or other toxic compounds causes the alveoli to lose its elastic properties. These patients can not get enough gas exchange and hence are short of breath
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Cigarette smoking generally causes simultaneous bronchitis and emphysema
Possible short answer:
Explain how air is moved into lungs
Muscles elevate the rib cage and the diaphragm lowers to expand the volume of the thoracic cage. This draws air into the lungs
