Exam #5 (Epistemology) Flashcards
The philisophy study of knowledge that systemically invesgiates whether, how, and to what extent we know things
Epistemology
Whether a claim realted to reality happens to be true
Propostional knowledge
The view we lack knowledge in some fundmental way
Skepticism
Some truths are objective and exist independent of our awareness or belief
Cognitive Realism
There are no objective truths; what we call truth is relative to either the individal’s personal beliefs (subejctive relavtivism) or the previaling beliefs of the culture (culteral relativism)
Cognitive Relativism
Knowledge derived by reason independent of sensory experience
A priori
Knowledge derived through sensory experience
A posteriori
Belief that knowledge can be gained a priori
Rationalism
Belief that knowledge can only be gained a posteriori
Empiricism
Plato, Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz
Rationalist Philsophers
John Locke (sensory empiricism), George Berkeley (subejctive idealism), David Hume (skepticism), Immanuel Kant (synthetic a priori)
Empiricist Philsophers
A logical truth whose denial results in a contradiction
Analytic statement
______ which is sensory data interpreted by innate mental concepts
Phenomena
The world outside our senses is callled ______, and its reality is beyond our knowledge
Noumena
We obtain knowledge, ______ said, becuase our thinking is framed by fundamental concepts that guarantee our epxerience will take a predetermined form
Kant
________ hold that we have knowledge, that skepticism is false and that through reaosn we can come to know that most important truths of reality
Rationalists
_____ deduced that we must be able to acquire knowledge becuase we can identify false beliefs and we can grasp mathematical, conceptual, and logical truths
Plato
Father of modern philisophy, rationalist
Rene Descartes
Plans to destory all previous foundations of belief in order to discover what is really true
Meditation One
Cogito, ergo sum: I think, therefore I am
Meditation Two
_____ an empiricist who rejects skepticism, favorite phrase is esse est percipi “to be is to be perceived”
George Berkeley
______ insists that knowledge is of two kinds: “relations of ideas” (a priori) derieved from reason and “matters of fact” (a posteriori) based entirely on sense experience
David Hume
Hume says experiences are made of perceptions, or sense data, which are divided into: a) _____; and b)
impressions, which is what we vividly and directly experience ; ideas, which are less vivid throughts and reflections about our impressions
Hume says this association is based on ____ or ____ but does not consider this to be knowledge
habit ; custom
