Exam 5 4.20 Pulmonary.Part 2 Flashcards
Pic with info about COPD
Chart with COPD stages and FEV1 and FVC values
Pulmonary Acidosis (3)
- Respiratory acidosis – when pulmonary ventilation ↓, CO2 ↑, which ↑hydrogen and carbonic acid
- Results in hypoxia
- Diaphoresis, shallow rapid breathing, restlessness, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias
When there is Too Much O2 Supplement
- Oxygen level in blood, rather than CO2, becomes primary driver of respiration
- May actually elevate CO2 and ↑ respiratory acidosis
- Oxygen dosage should be determined by arterial blood gases
Respiratory alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis – ↑respiratory rate and depth (hyperventilation), CO2 ↓, which ↓ hydrogen and carbonic acid
- Need to slow down breathing, rebreathing mask or paper bag, pain control
List common pulmonary pathology and injury
- Bronchiectasis
- Occupational lung diseases
- Pulmonary embolism
- Cor pulmonale
- Pulmonary artery hypertension
- Pleurisy
- Pneumothorax
- Hypercapnia
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxemia
Basic info about Bronchiectasis
progressive, obstructive condition, usually caused by repeated infections and irritants (smoking)
Basic S/S of Pulmonary embolism (5)
- dyspnea
- pleuritic pain
- persistent cough
- hemoptysis
- fever
Basic info on Cor pulmonale
R sided heart failure – cough, chest pain, peripheral edema, dyspnea, distention of neck veins, wheezing
Basic info about Pulmonary artery hypertension
- vasoconstriction
- may be due to sleep apnea
- emboli
- may have no early symptoms
- chest pain
- dizziness
- fatigue
Basic info about Pleurisy
inflammation of pleura, may be infection, post-op, injury
Basic info about Pneumothorax
free air in pleural cavity – post-op, scuba divers, can be spontaneous
What is Hypercapnia?
↑ CO2 retention
What is Hypoxia?
inadequate oxygenation at tissue level
What is Hypoxemia?
- arterial O2 is below normal
- May be caused by, among other reasons:
- O2 delivery to lungs
- Diffusion ability across alveoli and capillary
- Perfusion of capillaries
Causes for Failed ventilation/perfusion
- Acute Respiratory Failure
- Post-op respiratory failure
- Pulmonary Edema
- Aspiration
- Atelectasis
- Bronchiectasis
- Bronchiolitis
- Pleural abnormalities
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusion
- Empyema- collection of pus in lung pleura
- Chest wall restrictions
- Flail chest
Things you may see with Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma
- FEV1 -decrease
- FEV1/FVC -decrease
- FVC- Same or lower
- Damage to endothelium of lung initiates inflammation
- Cilia paralysis
- Thick mucus production
- Hypertrophy of mucus glands
- Thickened basement membrane
- Bronchospasm
- Increased physiological dead space
What happens to the pulmonary system as we age?
- Loss of elastic recoil
- Stiffening of the chest wall
- Alterations in gas exchange
- Increases in flow resistance
- Decreased exercise tolerance
General info about Pertussis
Whooping cough - severe hacking cough and high-pitched wheeze
Highly contagious, preventable through vaccination
How does supplemental O2 work?
Can be delivered through an oxygen concentrator, which converts room air into concentrated pure O2 for portable use
What is CPAP?
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
- Delivers mild air pressure to keep airways open, used for sleep apnea
- humidified
What is BiPAP?
- Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure
- Delivers mild humidified air pressure to keep airways open, used for sleep apnea
- One pressure for inhalation (ipap)
- One pressure for exhalation (epap)
- May be better suited for more difficult patients with low O2, CHF, other lung disorders
Things Dr. T wanted us to review
- G&S, p. 313-316
- Guidelines for physician referral
- Key points to remember
