Exam 5 Flashcards
The body’s chemical reactions
Metabolism
Reactions where chemicals are combined, layered chemicals/molecules are produced
Anabolic Reactions
What reactions are known as synthesis reactions, they are consumed/absorb energy(heat)
Anabolic Reactions
What reaction is this? x+y=xy
Anabolic reactions
Reactions where molecules are broken down into smaller chemicals
Catabolic Reactions
Known as decomposition reactions, release energy(heat)
Catabolic reactions
What reaction is this? XY=X+Y
catabolic reactions
Reactions where hydrogen atoms are broken off chemicals
Oxidation reactions
What molecule loses oxygen, HX=H+X
Oxidation reactions
Reactions where hydrogen atoms are added onto a chemical
Reduction Reactions
The main process that cells use glucose, carried out by all cells, series of 10 reactions
Glycolysis
Cycle of 8 reactions that occurs in mitochondria, Acetyl-CoA enters, Produces ATP, NADH, FADH, CO2
Krebs Cycle
Process that occurs in mitochondria, produces most of our cells ATP, Aerobic process; requires O2, Generates ATP and H2O
Electron transport chain
Breakdown of glycogen (animal starch) into glucose, occurs in muscle and liver cells, stimulated by symp. N.S and epi, glucagon
Glycogenolysis
glycogen anabolism from glucose, occurs in muscle and liver cells, stimulated by parasympathetic N.S and insulin
Glycogenesis
Glucose anabolism from tiny carbs and amino acids, occurs in liver, symp. n.s, api, cortisol, glucagon
Gluconeogenesis
Microscopic spheres/balls made up of lipids and coated with special proteins
lipoproteins
made up the small intestines mucosa cells, taken up by the liver, they deliver lipids derived from the digestive tract to the liver
chylomicrons
Very low density lipoproteins, made up by the liver and released into the blood, deliver lipids from the liver to fat and muscle cells
VLDLs
Form from VLDLs on the surface of muscle and fat cells, they enter blood and then are taken up by cells throughout the body, Deliver lipids to all cells, commonly known as bad cholesterol
LDL
Made by all cells and they are released into blood, they’re taken up by the liver, they deliver lipids from our cells to the liver, commonly known as our good cholesterol
HDL
Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids, occurs in fat cells, muscle cells, and liver cells
lipolysis
anabolism/synthesis of triglycerides, occurs in liver and fat cells, glycerol and FAs are combined to form new triglycerides, stimulated by insulin
Lipogenesis
Production of ketones, occurs in the liver when there’s a high level of lipolysis, occurs during fasting and untreated diabetes
Ketogenesis
Occurs following a meal, last about 4 hours, insulin is created, high blood amino acids
Absorptive State
Occurs 4 hours after a meal, last between 6 to 8 hours, blood glucose levels drop at start of the state
Post absorptive state
Occurs about 12 hours after meal, enter this state when liver runs of glycogen
Fasting state
What is the main hormone of fasting
Cortisol
What does satiety mean
feeling full
What eliminates waste and excess water from blood, helps regulate body’s salt balance and blood pressure by regulation blood volume
Urinary system
Organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
