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A and P II > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Ridges along the side of the, these help warm and moisten inhaled air and help trap particles from the air

A

Nasal Conchae

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2
Q

Cavity surrounding the nasal cavity, they help resonate the sound of speech, contribute to the sound of our voice

A

Paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

another name for the throat, has three sections

A

pharynx

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4
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryrgophsrynx

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5
Q

Another name for the voice box

A

Larynx

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6
Q

Upper opening of the larynx

A

Glottis

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7
Q

Flap of cartilage covered in mucous membrane, folds over/covers the glottis when you swallow, blocks entry of food/drink into the larynx

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

Known as the Adams apple, protective shelled of cartilage

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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9
Q

Protective cartilage below the thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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10
Q

Also known as vocal folds, 2 ligaments that covered with mucous membrane

A

Vocal chords

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11
Q

Also known as the wind pipe, contains rings of cartilage along its length, provides strength to the wall

A

Trachea

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12
Q

Large Airways

A

Bronchi

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13
Q

Bronchi has what three types

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi

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14
Q

The smallest airways

A

Bronchioles

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15
Q

smooth muscle contraction in walls of airway decreased air diameter decreased airflow

A

Bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

Smooth muscle relaxation in walls of airway, increase airway diameter, increased airflow

A

Cronchodilation

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17
Q

Sites of gas exchange between blood and lung air

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

Also known as duct cells, engulf inhaled material and present molecules on MHC II molecules.

A

Alveolar macrophages

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19
Q

Forms the lining of the alveolar wall, squamous cells

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

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20
Q

secret a special fluid called “surfactant”

A

Type II alveolar cells

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21
Q

Oily fluid containing lipids: resembles liquid/detergent, prevents inside wall of an alveolus from sticking which would collapse the alveolar.

A

Surfactant

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22
Q

Covering the outside of each lung, its clear, slick, thin membrane

A

Visceral Pleura

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23
Q

Lines the inside of the chest, thin, slick, clear membrane, reduce friction between lungs in chest wall

A

Parietal pleura

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24
Q

Breathing gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs

A

Ventilation

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25
Q

Gas exchange between lungs and blood

A

External respiration

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26
Q

Gas exchange between blood and tissue

A

Internal respiration

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27
Q

What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

A

To increase the surface are for warming, moistening, and filtering air

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28
Q

What is another name for the throat?

A

Pharynx

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29
Q

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for the exchange of the gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs

A

Alveoli

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30
Q

The trachea is commonly known as the?

A

Windpipe

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31
Q

The epiglottis serves to?

A

prevent food from entering the trachea and during swallowing

32
Q

During inhalation, the diaphragm?

A

Contracts and moves downward

33
Q

During exhalation, the diaphragm?

A

Relaxes and moves upward

34
Q

The mucosa is what?

A

Epithelial Tissue

35
Q

The submucosa is what?

A

Connective tissue

36
Q

The muscular is what?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle

37
Q

The serosa is what?

A

Outer membrane

38
Q

Mechanical digestion involves:

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

39
Q

The enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose

A

Salivary amylase

40
Q

Enzyme that breaks down certain bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

41
Q

Dissolves food chemicals and allows for tasting?

A

H2O

42
Q

Buffers food/ drink pH-neutralizes acidity of food/drink

A

Bicarbonate

43
Q

Makes food slimy for easier swallowing?

A

Mucous

44
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

45
Q

Mechanical digestion in the stomach is primarily carried out by?

A

The charring and mixing action of smooth muscles

46
Q

What breaks down peptides into amino acids

A

Peptidases

47
Q

Break down lactose into glucose and galactose

A

Lactase

48
Q

Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

49
Q

Breaks down nucleic acids (DNAs and RNAs) into nucleotides

A

Nucleases

50
Q

What is inhalation when breathing at rest

A

Ventilation aka breathing

51
Q

The diaphragm and external intercostals contract, this expands chest cavities downward and outward which causes air pressure in lungs to decrease

A

Ventilation

52
Q

What is I.t called when taking a deep breath

A

Forced inhalation

53
Q

Forcibly blowing air out of the body

A

Forced exhalaction

54
Q

Disease characterized by acute episodes of bronchoconstriction and airways inflammation

A

Asthma

55
Q

COPD stands for what

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

56
Q

Chronic airway inflammation, airways swell and fill with mucous

A

Bronchitis

57
Q

Lost of lung elasticity, damaged alveoli fuse

A

Emphysema

58
Q

Cerebral cortex’s motor neurons are wired to our skeletal muscles that give rise to breathing

A

Control of ventilation-conscious control

59
Q

Region of brainstem(in the medulla and pons)

A

control of ventilation-unconscious control

60
Q

Hyperventilation

A

When there is increased co2, decreased o2 and or lower pH in blood

61
Q

Hypoventilation

A

When there’s decreased co2, increased o2 and or hight pH in blood

62
Q

How is O2 transported in the blood

A

99% of O2 in the blood is bound to hemoglobin and 1% is dissolved in plama

63
Q

What are the factors affecting how well O2 binds to hemogobin

A

Temp, CO2, and pH

64
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A

7% is dissolved in plasma, 23% is bound to hemoglobin and 70% is converted to bicarbonate(baking soda)

65
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall

A

mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis, serosa

66
Q

Mucous membrane layer, surrounds the lumen

A

Mucosa

67
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

submucosa

68
Q

Musular Layer

A

muscularis

69
Q

Outer membrane covering, also known as visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

70
Q

What is a bolus

A

Food and drink are mixed with saliva

71
Q

What is digestive juice produced by the salivary glands and continuously secreted into the mouth

A

Saliva

72
Q

Dissolve chemicals in food to allow for tasting lubricates for food for swallowing

A

water and mucous

73
Q

neutralizes the acidy or alkalinity of food or drink

A

biocarbonate

74
Q

enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose

A

salivary amylase

75
Q

enzyme that breaks down certain bacteria

A

lysozyme

76
Q

Known as the throat and is involved with swallowing

A

Pharynx

77
Q
A

A and P II (2 decks)

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