Exam 4 Flashcards
Ridges along the side of the, these help warm and moisten inhaled air and help trap particles from the air
Nasal Conchae
Cavity surrounding the nasal cavity, they help resonate the sound of speech, contribute to the sound of our voice
Paranasal sinuses
another name for the throat, has three sections
pharynx
What are the three sections of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryrgophsrynx
Another name for the voice box
Larynx
Upper opening of the larynx
Glottis
Flap of cartilage covered in mucous membrane, folds over/covers the glottis when you swallow, blocks entry of food/drink into the larynx
Epiglottis
Known as the Adams apple, protective shelled of cartilage
Thyroid Cartilage
Protective cartilage below the thyroid cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Also known as vocal folds, 2 ligaments that covered with mucous membrane
Vocal chords
Also known as the wind pipe, contains rings of cartilage along its length, provides strength to the wall
Trachea
Large Airways
Bronchi
Bronchi has what three types
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi
The smallest airways
Bronchioles
smooth muscle contraction in walls of airway decreased air diameter decreased airflow
Bronchoconstriction
Smooth muscle relaxation in walls of airway, increase airway diameter, increased airflow
Cronchodilation
Sites of gas exchange between blood and lung air
Alveoli
Also known as duct cells, engulf inhaled material and present molecules on MHC II molecules.
Alveolar macrophages
Forms the lining of the alveolar wall, squamous cells
Type 1 alveolar cells
secret a special fluid called “surfactant”
Type II alveolar cells
Oily fluid containing lipids: resembles liquid/detergent, prevents inside wall of an alveolus from sticking which would collapse the alveolar.
Surfactant
Covering the outside of each lung, its clear, slick, thin membrane
Visceral Pleura
Lines the inside of the chest, thin, slick, clear membrane, reduce friction between lungs in chest wall
Parietal pleura
Breathing gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs
Ventilation
Gas exchange between lungs and blood
External respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue
Internal respiration
What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?
To increase the surface are for warming, moistening, and filtering air
What is another name for the throat?
Pharynx
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for the exchange of the gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs
Alveoli
The trachea is commonly known as the?
Windpipe
The epiglottis serves to?
prevent food from entering the trachea and during swallowing
During inhalation, the diaphragm?
Contracts and moves downward
During exhalation, the diaphragm?
Relaxes and moves upward
The mucosa is what?
Epithelial Tissue
The submucosa is what?
Connective tissue
The muscular is what?
Skeletal and smooth muscle
The serosa is what?
Outer membrane
Mechanical digestion involves:
The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
The enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose
Salivary amylase
Enzyme that breaks down certain bacteria?
Lysozyme
Dissolves food chemicals and allows for tasting?
H2O
Buffers food/ drink pH-neutralizes acidity of food/drink
Bicarbonate
Makes food slimy for easier swallowing?
Mucous
Which enzyme is responsible for the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin
Mechanical digestion in the stomach is primarily carried out by?
The charring and mixing action of smooth muscles
What breaks down peptides into amino acids
Peptidases
Break down lactose into glucose and galactose
Lactase
Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
Sucrose
Breaks down nucleic acids (DNAs and RNAs) into nucleotides
Nucleases
What is inhalation when breathing at rest
Ventilation aka breathing
The diaphragm and external intercostals contract, this expands chest cavities downward and outward which causes air pressure in lungs to decrease
Ventilation
What is I.t called when taking a deep breath
Forced inhalation
Forcibly blowing air out of the body
Forced exhalaction
Disease characterized by acute episodes of bronchoconstriction and airways inflammation
Asthma
COPD stands for what
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic airway inflammation, airways swell and fill with mucous
Bronchitis
Lost of lung elasticity, damaged alveoli fuse
Emphysema
Cerebral cortex’s motor neurons are wired to our skeletal muscles that give rise to breathing
Control of ventilation-conscious control
Region of brainstem(in the medulla and pons)
control of ventilation-unconscious control
Hyperventilation
When there is increased co2, decreased o2 and or lower pH in blood
Hypoventilation
When there’s decreased co2, increased o2 and or hight pH in blood
How is O2 transported in the blood
99% of O2 in the blood is bound to hemoglobin and 1% is dissolved in plama
What are the factors affecting how well O2 binds to hemogobin
Temp, CO2, and pH
How is CO2 transported in the blood
7% is dissolved in plasma, 23% is bound to hemoglobin and 70% is converted to bicarbonate(baking soda)
What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall
mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis, serosa
Mucous membrane layer, surrounds the lumen
Mucosa
Areolar connective tissue
submucosa
Musular Layer
muscularis
Outer membrane covering, also known as visceral peritoneum
serosa
What is a bolus
Food and drink are mixed with saliva
What is digestive juice produced by the salivary glands and continuously secreted into the mouth
Saliva
Dissolve chemicals in food to allow for tasting lubricates for food for swallowing
water and mucous
neutralizes the acidy or alkalinity of food or drink
biocarbonate
enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose
salivary amylase
enzyme that breaks down certain bacteria
lysozyme
Known as the throat and is involved with swallowing
Pharynx
