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psych exam 4 > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Key figures

A

Wundt, James, Mary whitborn,
Margret Floy, frued, pavolv

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3
Q

Structuralism:

A

used introspection to reveal structure of human mind. wudnt and titchner

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

explored how mental and behavioral processes function
Key figures: James and Darwin

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5
Q

Behaviorism:

A

psychology should be objective, study behavior and not mental processes
Watson and skinner

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6
Q

Psychoanalysis:

A

how our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect behavior.
Freud

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7
Q

Humanism

A

a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization

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8
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it “knew it all along phenomenon”

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9
Q

Overconfidence-

A

Being more confident than we are correct- the tendency to think we know more that what we do

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10
Q

Need for patterns

A

Humans have the tendency to find patterns in randomness

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11
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

other factors that might influence a study’s results

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13
Q

case study

A

Observing one individual or small group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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14
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

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15
Q

Survey

A

Self- report attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative, random sample

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16
Q

Correlation

A

the extent to which two factors vary together; how well either factor predicts the other

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17
Q

experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates 1+ factor (independent variable) to observe the effect on some other factor (dependent variable) using random

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18
Q

Independent variable:

A

the factor that is being manipulated

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19
Q

Control group:

A

the group not exposed to treatments serves as comparison

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20
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

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21
Q

soma/cell body

A

contains the nucleus, the cells life support center, what makes the neuron work

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22
Q

dendrites

A

branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulse to the cell body

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23
Q

axon

A

passes messages from the branches of the neuron to other neurons

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24
Q

meylin

A

fatty tissue incasing the neurons

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25
Q

Central nervous system

A

receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information

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26
Q

autonomic

A

Parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest”)
* Sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight”)

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27
Q

Somatic

A

sensory
Motor

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28
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associative learning: occurs when 2 things become paired

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29
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning from the consequences of ou actions
A behavior is strengthened i reinforced or decreased if punished

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30
Q

Positive reinforcement:

A

increases behavior by presenting something ewarding
Giving a dog a treat for doing tricks

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31
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increases behavior by stopping/ reducing a negative stimuli

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32
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

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33
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing experiences

34
Q

sensorimorter stage

A

Ages birth - 2 years
object permanence

35
Q

pre operational

A

6-7
represent things with images
Egocentrism

36
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11
start to grasp some mental operations
Conservation

37
Q

formal operational stage

A

12+
reasoning expands to encompass more abstract thinking

38
Q

secure

A

confident, reciprocal, non-reactive, resilient

39
Q

avoidant

A

Isolation, ambiguity, ambivalent, emotionally-distant

40
Q

anxious

A

emotional, hunger, lack of nurturing

41
Q

disorganized

A

internal conflict, dramatic, unpredictable

42
Q

authoritarian

A

focus on obidience, punishment over discipline

43
Q

authoritative

A

created positive relationship, enforce rules

44
Q

permissive

A

don’t enforce rules “kids will be kids”

45
Q

neglectful

A

provides little guidance, nurturing, or attention

46
Q

adolescence stage

A

identity vs role confusion
“who am I”

47
Q

consciousness

A

subjective awareness of ourselves and our enviorment

48
Q

change blindness

A

failure to notice change in our environment

49
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement when dreams usually occur

50
Q

narcolepsy

A

“sleep attacks”

51
Q

meta cognition

A

tracking and evaluating mental processes “thinking about thinking”

52
Q

prototype

A

prime example of a category

53
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step process
often slower but les error prone

54
Q

Heuristics

A

mental shortcut
speedier but more error prone

55
Q

fixed ratio

A

specific number of responses

56
Q

variable ratio

A

unpredicted number of responses

57
Q

fixed interval

A

specific time

58
Q

variable interview

A

unpredicted time

59
Q

explicit memory

A

facts(semantic) and experiences (episodic) conscious

60
Q

implicit memory

A

skills, associations, “muscle memory” unconscious

61
Q

encoding

A

perceiving information and creating a memory

62
Q

storage

A

placing and keeping memories

63
Q

retrieval

A

brining memories back into awareness

64
Q

sensory

A

immediate and very brief

65
Q

short term

A

conscious, active processing

66
Q

log term

A

permanent, limitless

67
Q

iconic memory

A

sounds

68
Q

echoic memory

A

sounds

69
Q

sensation

A

how our sensory receptors and nervous system receive energy from our enviorment

70
Q

perception

A

how our brain organizes and interprets the sensory information

71
Q

Amplitude

A

(height) determines frequency

72
Q

length

A

(frequency) determines pitch

73
Q

cochlea

A

fluid filed tube in the ear

74
Q

personality

A

Individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

75
Q

4 ds

A

deviance, dysfunction, distress, danger,

76
Q

medical model

A

disorders have physical causes that can be treated, or can even be cured through treatment

77
Q

biosychosocial

A

biological, psychological, and social causes interact to produce disorders.

78
Q

DSM pros

A

standardization for criteria, direction for treatment, can give validation

79
Q

DSM Cons

A

stigma of labels, over-pathologizing behaviors, subjective

80
Q

Mental illness risk factors

A

abuse, poverty, significant life changes, failure or loss of relationship, biological perisposition

81
Q

mental illness protective factors

A

social support, coping skills, opportunity and security, positive self-esteem, feelings of control

psych exam 4 (2 decks)

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