exam 4 Flashcards
what is personality
Individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and
acting
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Behavior is an interaction between
our conscious and unconscious mind
ID
pleasure principle
EGO
reality principle
SUPEREGO
conscience
oral stage
birth to one year
mouth
anal stage
1-3 years
bowel and bladder control
phallic stage
3-6 years
genitals
latent stage
6-puberty
libido inactive
genital stage
puberty-death
maturing sexual interests
regression
Retreating to an earlier psychosexual
stage, where energy remains fixated
reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into
their opposite; “acting fake”
projection
Pushing your own threatening
impulses onto others
rationalization
justifying actions in the place of real,
threatening unconscious reasons
displacement
shifting unacceptable impulses
toward a more acceptable one
denial
Refusing to believe painful realities
Freuds contribution
introduced ideas about the unconscious mind, defense mechanism, and the importance of early childhood experiences
Freuds critiques
his theory is often criticized for being untestable, overly focused in sexuality, and not representative of all our cultures or genders
Humanistic theory of personality
Emphasize the way people strive for self-determination and self-realization
Key Figures: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
self-actualization
desire to become the most one can be
esteem
respect, self-esteem, status recognition, strength, freedom
love and belonging
friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
safety needs
personal security, employment, resources, health and property
physiological needs
air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Openess
Curious, creative, original, open
to new experiences
neuroticism
Anxious, irritable,
moody, emotional
consciencetiousness
Organized, punctual,
achievement-oriented
agreeableness
Kind, trusting, warm,
sensitive, friendly
extraversion
Outgoing, talkative,
sociable, assertive
Reciprocal determinism:
behavior, personality traits, and
environmental all influence each other
Individualist:
cultures that place an emphasis on
independence, assertiveness, and individuality
Collectivist
cultures that place an emphasis on group
cohesion, connectedness, and group membership
James-Lange Theory
Arousal → Emotion
Awareness of bodily responses to emotional stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory
Arousal + Emotion occur together
○ Emotional stimuli trigger bodily responses and
simultaneous subjective experience
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
○ Arousal + Conscious Cognitive Label = Emotion
○ Spillover effect
Problem-focused coping
Changing the stressor directly
Emotion-focused coping
Ignoring or avoiding the stressor
internal locus of control
believe they are in control and take responsibility for their own actions
external locus of control
blame external forces for their own circumstances
Pessimists:
expect things to go badly; attribute poor
performance to lack of ability
Optimists
expect to have more control and cope better
with stressful events
Fundamental Attribution Error:
tendency to underestimate
the impact of the situation and to overestimate personal
disposition
Cognitive dissonance theory:
conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or
behaviors that produces a feeling of discomfort, leading to an
alteration to reduce the discomfort
Social loafing:
putting in less effort in a group than by yourself
○ Example: the slackers in group projects
Group polarization:
group decisions that are more extreme
than the average of the group’s initial attitudes
○ Example: social media
Social facilitation:
doing better when others are around
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness when in a group
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
getting someone to agree to a
large request by having them agree to small requests first
■ Example: asking your friend to borrow a pencil, then
asking them to buy you a coffee
Groupthink:
desire for harmony or conformity in the group
results in an irrational or dysfunctional outcome
Outgroup homogeneity
perception of out-group
members as more similar to one another
Ingroup bias:
favoring members of one’s in-group over
out-group members
Scapegoat theory:
tendency to blame someone else
for one’s own problems
Mere exposure effect
people tend to
develop liking for things simply
because they are familiar with them
Proximity effect:
tendency for
individuals to form interpersonal
relations with those who are close by
