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Bio Div Exam 3 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Be able to outline the path through the digestive system

A
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2
Q

Be able to define the function of all the parts of the digestive system

A

• Mouthandpharynx–entry
• Esophagus – delivers food to stomach
• Stomach – preliminary digestion
• Small intestine – digestion and absorption
• Large intestine – absorption of water and minerals
• Cloaca or rectum – storage of waste
• Anus - expel waste
Liver-produces bile
Gallbladder-stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas-digestive enzymes

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3
Q

What are the different respiratory systems and how do they promote efficient gas exchange?

A

Cutaneous respiration-through the skin
Gill respiration-aquatic animals
Pulmonary respiration-lungs

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4
Q

What type of blood flow do gills use to maximize oxygen uptake?

A

Oxygenated

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5
Q

How does the operculum negate the need for ram ventilation?

A

Allowing them to actively pump water over their gills

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6
Q

How do insects and spiders breathe?

A

Insects- transport air directly to their tissues (without bulk transport) and
air enters through openings(spiracles) in abdomen

Spiders-book lungs

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7
Q

What makes bird lungs special from other terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Unidirectional flow-When expanded during inhalation, they take in air
and when compressed during exhalation, they push air in and through lungs

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8
Q

Open vs Closed circulation

A

Open- No distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid and fluid called hemolymph

Closed-Distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and blood transported away from, and back to, the heart

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9
Q

Advantage of closed circulation?

A

Closed circulatory systems can control blood flow to specific regions of the body by varying the resistance to flow and closed systems can deliver O2 and nutrients to specific tissues at high pressures

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10
Q

Identify the differences in heart chambers between vertebrates.

A

Mammals, birds, crocodiles-4 chambers

Fish-2 chambers

Amphibian and reptile-3 chambers

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11
Q

How does having more chambers help?

A

2 separate atria
2 separate ventricle
Double circlulation
More efficient

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12
Q

Pulmonary circuit vs systemic circuit

A

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs

Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

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13
Q

Advantages of double circulations?

A

Increases supply of oxygenated blood to active tissues
Increases uptake of O2 at gas exchange surface

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14
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Positive feedback = a stimulus causes a response in the same direction which leads to a further response

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15
Q

Negative Feedback

A

• Homeostasis typically depends on negative feedback
• A change in a system causes a response to bring the system back to the starting point

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16
Q

Antagonistic Effectors

A

involved in the control of body temperature

If hypothalamus detects high temperature
• Promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels
in skin

If hypothalamus detects low temperature
• Promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin

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17
Q

Endotherm

A

Endotherms-generate heat metabolically and maintain their temperature above the ambient temperature
• Warm blooded

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18
Q

Ectotherm

A

Ectotherms- low metabolic activity and do not generate heat
metabolically
• Cold blooded

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19
Q

Thermogenesis

A

When temperatures fall below critical threshold normal responses are not sufficient to warm an animal

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20
Q

Thermoregulation

A

controlled by the hypothalamus
• Neurons in the hypothalamus detect the temperature change
• Stimulation of the heat-losing center
• Peripheral blood vessel dilation
• Sweating
• Stimulation of heat-promoting center
• Thermogenesis
• Constriction of blood peripheral blood vessels
• Epinephrine production by adrenal glands
• Anterior pituitary produces TSH

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21
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals that communicate between animals

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

• Allows for regulation of water and electrolyte levels in cells

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23
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Measure of a solution’s tendency to take in water by osmosis

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

Number of osmotically active moles of solute per liter of solution

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25
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis
Solutions may be hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic

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26
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium with their
environment
Among the vertebrates, only the primitive hagfish are strict osmoconformers
Sharks and relatives (cartilaginous fish) are also isotonic

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27
Q

Osmoregulators

A

all other vertebrates
Maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity despite different concentrations in their environment

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28
Q

Consequences of being endotherms and ectotherms?

A

Endotherm-Activity over wide range of ambient temperatures, Requires frequent food intake, and Birds, mammals, fast swimming fish (sharks, tuna)

Ectotherm-1. Constrained bouts of activity 2. Lower food requirements

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29
Q

How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar? How are they different?

A

Both initiate responses to stimuli from the environment OR inside the animal
• Nervous system has an immediate response to a stimuli
• Endocrine system can have a slower acting response to a stimuli (sometimes days or even months)

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30
Q

What are the different classes of hormones?

A

• 1. Peptides and proteins
• Glycoproteins
• 2. Amino acid derivatives
• Catecholamines
• Thyroid hormones
• Melatonin
• 3. Steroids
• Sex steroids
• Corticosteroids

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31
Q

Understand the function of different organs involved in the endocrine system.

A

Thyroid gland-secretes:Thyroid hormones, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin , Regulates enzymes controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Parathyroid gland-4 small glands attached to the thyroid, produce parathyroid hormones , raises blood Ca2+ levels

Adrenal glands- Medulla (inner portion):Stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, Cortex (outer portion) :Stimulated by anterior pituitary
hormone ACTH, Corticosteroids

Pancreas-Connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by the pancreatic duct,Insulin,Stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, or as fat in fat cells, Glucagon, Promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and fat in adipose tissue

Pineal gland-Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, Secretes hormone melatonin,Functions of melatonin, Reduces dispersal of melanin granules, Synchronizes various body processes to a circadian rhythm
,Secretion of melatonin activated in the dark

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32
Q

Know pheromones classifications and give an example of each.

A
  1. mate attractants-ex:mammals
  2. territorial markers-ex:ants
  3. alarm substances-ex:insects
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33
Q

How is water maintained in different phyla and what organs are involved?

A

Freshwater vertebrates-Hypertonic to their environment-Have adapted to prevent water from entering their bodies, and to actively transport ions back into their bodies

Marine vertebrates-Hypotonic to their environment-Have adapted to retain water by drinking seawater and eliminating the excess ions through kidneys and gills

Terrestrial vertebrates-Higher concentration of water than surrounding air
-Tend to lose water by evaporation from skin and lungs -Urinary/osmoregulatory systems have evolved in these vertebrates that help them retain water

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34
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous waste and how do organism deal with it?

A

Uric acid:is not dissolved in water & does not exert osmotic pressure
,It is eliminated with minimal water loss for the animal, This allows many reptiles and insects to live in extremely hot and dry environments
,Uric acid is energetically expensive to produce

Ammonia:Ammonia is either eliminated from the body or converted into a less toxic form, Some organisms, such as fish, are able to excrete ammonia directly into the surrounding water, primarily through their gills
,As a result, ammonia does not accumulate to toxic levels in these organisms

Urea:Because urea is less toxic than ammonia, it can be stored in a fairly concentrated form before being excreted, In mammals, urea is produced in the liver and is then carried by the blood to the kidneys, where it is eliminated,Urea is less toxic than ammonia but requires energy to produce it and water to eliminate it

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35
Q

Fragmentation

A

parent animal breaks into pieces
• Each piece develops missing parts via mitosis
• Each offspring is a clone

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36
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Females produce eggs that are not fertilized by sperm
• Unfertilized eggs develop via mitosis

Develops in crustacea, insects, reptiles

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37
Q

r-strategists

A

typically adapted to take advantage of unpredictable habitats where conditions become temporarily favorable

Gamete production is high; low investment per offspring
• Probability of offspring survival is low (little/no parental care)
• Common in aquatic animals with external fertilization (but not limited to this group)

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38
Q

K-strategists

A

adapted to compete in stable, predictable habitats

• Produce fewer gametes (and offspring); larger investment per offspring
• Often increased parental care; increased probability of offspring survival • Fertilization is internal

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39
Q

Lottery hypothesis

A

increase the probability of survival of a few offspring by producing large numbers of offspring

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40
Q

Semelparous

A

one major reproductive effort in a lifetime
Produce large numbers of offspring (salmon, cicadas, mayflies)

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41
Q

Iteroparous

A

multiple broods over the lifetime of the parent
• Often produce fewer offspring but with repeated reproductive events

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42
Q

Precocial

A

Capable of movement and self-sufficiency soon after birth

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43
Q

Altricial

A

Born in an immature and helpless condition requiring care for some time after birth

44
Q

Oviparity

A

eggs are deposited in the environment and offspring develop outside of the female’s body

45
Q

Viviparity

A

• Viviparous animals retain embryo inside female reproductive tract
• Physiological support provided by maternal system via the placenta

46
Q

Ovovivipary

A

• Produce eggs inside body but give birth to live young
• Eggs develop in uterus, not placenta

47
Q

Gastrulation

A

• Process involving a complex series of cell shape changes and cell movements that occurs in the blastula
• Creates the three primary germ layers:ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

48
Q

Organogenesis

A

• Formation of organs in their proper locations
• Occurs by interaction of cells within and between the three germ layers
• Thus, it follows rapidly on the heels of gastrulation
• In many animals it begins before gastrulation is complete

49
Q

What ways can asexual reproduction occur?

A

Genetically identical cells or individuals called clones (unless mutations)

• 1. Binary fission – cell division,genome replication

• 2. Budding – protrusion (extension) grows by mitosis from parent

• 3.Fragmentation–parent animal breaks into pieces
• Each piece develops missing parts via mitosis

• 4. Parthenogenesis – females produce eggs that are not fertilized by sperm

50
Q

Know the benefits and costs of asexual and sexual selection.

A

Asexual -benefits:does not require special cells or a lot of energy, can produce quickly, creates large and thriving population
Costs:limited ability to adapt, face massive die off if environment changes

Sexual-benefits:lots of variation w in a species, able to live in a variety of environments, able to adapt
Costs:needs time and energy, produces small populations

51
Q

Be able to discuss the reproductive modes available to different animal phyla.’

A

Live birth-mammals, fish, amphibians, and reptiles

52
Q

Compare r-strategists and K-strategists

A

• r = typically adapted to take advantage of unpredictable habitats where conditions become temporarily favorable
• K = adapted to compete in stable, predictable habitats

53
Q

Ecology

A

study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments

54
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species in one place

55
Q

Metapopulation

A

• Occur in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat
• Dispersal
• Interaction may not be symmetrical
• populations increasing in size send out many dispersers
• small populations have few dispersers but accept many immigrants
• Individual populations may become extinct • Population bottlenecks may occur

56
Q

Demography

A

Quantitative study of populations
• How size changes through time can be studied at two levels
• Whole population: increasing, decreasing, remaining constant
• Population broken down into parts
• then study birth and death rates of a specific age

57
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

symbolized by K, is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

58
Q

Density-dependent effect

A

• Positive feedback =
• Allee effect; growth rates
increase with population size
• At high population size:
• locustshavedifferenthormonal & physical characteristics
• takeoffasaswarm

59
Q

Density-independent effect

A

• Rate of growth of a population at any instant is limited by something unrelated to the size of the population
• External environment aspects: cold winters, droughts, storms, volcanic eruptions
• Populations display erratic growth patterns because of these events

60
Q

Ecosystem

A

• Includes all the organisms that live in a particular place, plus the abiotic environment in which they live and interact
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Chemicals moving through ecosystems • Biotic and abiotic processes
• Biogeochemical cycles usually cross the boundaries of ecosystem
• One ecosystem might import or export chemicals to another

61
Q

Community

A

• Species that occur at any particular
locality
• Characterizedby
• Species richness
• Number of species present
• Primary productivity
• Amount of energy produced
• Interactions among members govern many ecological and evolutionary processes

62
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed, it changes forms

63
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

whenever organisms use chemical-bond or light energy some is converted to heat (entropy)

64
Q

Primary productivity

A

productivity of the primary producers

65
Q

Secondary productivity

A

productivity of a heterotroph trophic level

66
Q

Gross primary productivity

A

raw rate at which primary producers synthesize new organic matter

67
Q

Net primary productivity

A

is the GPP less the respiration of the primary producers

68
Q

Niche

A

the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment
• Space utilization
• Food consumption
• Temperature range
• Appropriate conditions for mating
• Requirements for moisture and more

69
Q

Fundamental niche

A

• Entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

70
Q

Realized niche

A

Actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

71
Q

Keystone species

A

• Species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance
• Sea star predation on barnacles greatly alters the species richness of the marine community
• Keystone species can manipulate the environment in ways that create new habitats for other species
• Beavers • Alligators

72
Q

Species richness

A

Species richness is influenced by ecosystem characteristics
• Primary productivity
• Habitat heterogeneity
• Accommodate more species
• Climatic factors
• More species might be expected to coexist in seasonal environment than in a constant one because a changing climate favors different species at different parts of the year

73
Q

Biosphere

A

Sum of all ecosystems on earth

74
Q

Angle of incidence

A

The angle between a wave or ray of light and the normal

75
Q

Biome

A

A large area of land or water with similar climates, plants, and animals

76
Q

Describe characteristics of population ecology

A

Size, density, distribution, age structure, sex ratio, and dispersion patterns

77
Q

Population spacing patterns (3 types)

A

Uniform-evenly spaced apart
Random-no pattern
Clumped-grouped together in clusters

78
Q

Which one is common in nature?

A

Clumped

79
Q

What information does a survivorship curve tell you?

A

The proportion of a population that survives to reach different ages

80
Q

Models of population growth

A

Exponential and logistic growth

81
Q

Exponential

A

Occurs when a quantity grows at a rate directly proportional to its present size

82
Q

Logistic

A

Population growth where the growth rate is influenced by the population size and natural resistance

83
Q

Compare r-selected populations to k-selected populations

A

R selected-prioritize rapid reproduction with many offspring , often in unstable environments

K selected-focus on producing fewer, higher quality offspring with greater parental care, typically thriving in stable environments near carrying capacity

84
Q

Describe how humans impact/influence/alter the: Carbon cycle

A

Significantly influencing the earths climate through the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause by human activities like burning fossil fuels, leading to global warming which can result in extreme weather events, rising sea levels, disruptions to food security, and potential health risks

85
Q

Describe how humans impact/influence/alter the: Water cycle

A

Providing the freshwater necessary for survival, influencing weather patterns, regulating climate, and determining where populations can live

86
Q

Describe how humans impact/influence/alter the: Nitrogen cycle

A

Directly affecting the food supply through plant growth

87
Q

Describe how humans impact/influence/alter the: Phosphorous cycle

A

Being essential for life

88
Q

What are some potential implications of the human impacts to the above biogeochemical cycles?

A

Climate change, biodiversity loss, disruptions in ecosystem services

89
Q

List the trophic levels and give an example for each trophic level

A

Tertiary consumers-lion eating wolf
Secondary consumer-wolf eating deer
Primary consumer- deer eating plants
Producer-grass

90
Q

Species interactions

A

The relationships between organisms of different species that live in the same area

91
Q

Competition

A

Direct or indirect interaction between organisms or species that compete for limited recourses

92
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Different species w in an ecosystem use resources in different ways or use different resources altogether, allowing them to coexist w out competing for the same resources

93
Q

Predation

A

Biological interaction where one organism,the predator, kills and eats another organism, the prey

94
Q

Commensalism

A

Long term biological interaction between two species where one species benefits and the other is unaffected

95
Q

Mutualism

A

Ecological interaction where two or more species benefit from each other

96
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, and harms it in the process

97
Q

Describe an example of a key stone species or ecosystem engineer

A

A beaver

98
Q

Primary vs secondary succession

A

Primary succession- occurs in a completely barren area w no existing soil where life must begin from scratch

Secondary-happens in a previously disturbed area where some soil and life remain

99
Q

Role of disturbance in succession

A

Initiating the process by creating open space in an ecosystem, allowing new species to colonize and essentially resetting the successional sequence

100
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

Underpins the health functioning of ecosystems that provide essential services to humans, including clean air, water, food security, and climate regulation

101
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A

Climate change, habitat loss, over exploitation, pollution, invasive species

102
Q

What biome do you live in?

A

Grasslands

103
Q

Biomagnification
Describe one example

A

The process by which toxic chemicals and heavy metals increase in concentrations as they move up the food chain

The presence of mercury w in predatory fish

104
Q

Coriolis effect – which direction for winds in each hemisphere?

A

Circulating air is deflected

Northern hemisphere-winds curve to the right
Southern hemisphere-winds curve to the left

105
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Natural process that warms the earths surface by trapping heat in the atmosphere

106
Q

List main greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor

107
Q

Describe human interactions and impacts

A

The ways in which humans interact with their environment

Bio Div Exam 3 (5 decks)

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