Exam 1

Question 1

​Biological species concept

Answer 1

-The distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality
-The connection that exists among different populations belonging to the
same species

Question 2

​Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 2

Defines a species as a group of organisms that share a unique evolutionary history and are distinguished from other groups

Question 3

Adaptive radiation

Answer 3

A process in evolutionary biology where a single species or small group of species rapidly diversify into many new species

Question 4

​Systematics

Answer 4

The distinctive characteristics of species and how they are related to other species through time

Question 5

​Phylogeny

Answer 5

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms, essentially depicting the relationships between different species based on their shared ancestry

Question 6

Derived character

Answer 6

A trait that evolved in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed down to its descendants

Question 7

​Ancestral character

Answer 7

trait or feature that is inherited from a common ancestor and has remained largely unchanged since.

Question 8

​Clade

Answer 8

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, both living and extinct

Question 9

​Cladogram

Answer 9

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

Question 10

Monophyletic

Answer 10

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 11

​Polyphyletic

Answer 11

a group of organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor

Question 12

​Paraphyletic

Answer 12

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 13

Sister group

Answer 13

group of organisms that are the closest relatives of another group of organisms, and are always the same age

Question 14

​Disruptive Selection

Answer 14

type of natural selection where extreme traits are favored over intermediate traits, giving those individuals a fitness advantage

Question 15

Analogous Traits

Answer 15

characteristics that appear similar in function and form between different species, but have evolved independently from one another

Question 16

2 categories of isolation mechanisms

Answer 16

prezygotic isolation mechanisms and postzygotic isolation mechanisms

Question 17

​Prezygotic (5 types)

Answer 17

Temporal isolation: Species breed at different times, such as different seasons or times of day

Habitat isolation: Species occupy different habitats within the same area

Behavioral isolation: Species have different mating rituals or signals

Mechanical isolation: Species have physical differences in reproductive structures

Gametic isolation: Differences in gamete cells prevent fertilization

Question 18

​Postzygotic (1 type)

Answer 18

Hybrid inviability:
In this scenario, the hybrid zygote might not develop properly, leading to the embryo dying before reaching maturity.

Question 19

4 types of speciation

Answer 19

​Allopatric-A population is split into two due to geographic isolation, such as by a river or mountain range
​
Peripatric-A smaller group of the main population becomes geographically isolated on the fringes of the larger population
​
Parapatric-A species is spread out over a large area, and individuals develop different characteristics and lifestyles despite being able to interbreed
​
Sympatric-A new species evolves from a single ancestral species without geographic isolation, but rather behavioral isolation.

Question 20

Know the ways sympatric speciation can occur.

Answer 20

polyploidy (abnormal chromosome number), ecological niche differentiation (using different resources within the same area), and sexual selection (mating preferences based on specific traits

Question 21

Homologous vs. analogous characters

Answer 21

Homologous structures exist in organisms that have a common ancestor, so they are monophyletic.
Analogous structures are found in organisms that do not have a common ancestor.
Analogous structures always have similar or identical functions, while homologous structures are not always the case

Question 22

What is the Principle of Parsimony?

Answer 22

the scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way, especially with reference to alternative evolutionary pathways.

Question 23

Taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 23

system for classifying organisms based on their characteristics

Question 24

​Domain
​​What are the domains of life?

Answer 24

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Question 25

​Kingdom

Answer 25

archebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.

Question 26

Phylum

Answer 26

Porifera.
Coelenterata.
Platyhelminthes.
Nematoda.
Annelida.
Arthropoda.
Mollusca.
Echinodermata.

Question 27

Class

Answer 27

a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank

Question 28

Order

Answer 28

a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes.

Question 29

​Family

Answer 29

a taxonomic rank that is used to classify living things

Question 30

​Genus

Answer 30

taxonomic category that groups closely related species based on shared characteristics

Question 31

​Species

Answer 31

a group of organisms that can interbreed with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring

Question 32

3 domains
​Know the difference between the domains

Answer 32

Bacteria:Most common bacteria, lack a nucleus, and have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

Archaea:Similar to bacteria but with distinct genetic and biochemical characteristics, often found in extreme environments, also lack a nucleus.

Eukarya:Includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, encompassing plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Question 33

5 kingdoms

Answer 33

Monera: Includes prokaryotes, which are single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Examples include bacteria, actinomycetes, and blue-green algae.

Protista: Includes unicellular eukaryotes, which are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Fungi: Includes fungi and related organisms.

Plantae: Includes multicellular eukaryotic plants, which are eukaryotes with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include trees and algae.

Animalia: Includes animals

Question 34

Prokaryotes-bacteria

Answer 34

​List characteristics
​3 shapes-Cocci: These bacteria are round or sphere-like. Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria. Spirilli: Spiral-shaped bacteria
​
External structures- the cell wall, capsule (if present), flagella (for locomotion), pili (for genetic exchange), fimbriae (for attachment), and the plasma membrane
​
3 DNA transfer mechanisms-Transformation:A bacterium takes up naked DNA fragments released by another bacteria that has lysed (broken open).
Transduction:A bacteriophage accidentally packages a piece of DNA from the host bacteria it infected, and then transfers this DNA to a new host cell when it infects it. Conjugation:A donor bacterium transfers DNA to a recipient bacterium through a physical connection called a pilus
​
Nitrifying bacteria-single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus
​
Denitrifying bacteria-ability to reduce nitrate or nitrite to gaseous end products
​
Stomatilites-layered rock structure formed by the accumulation of layers of bacteria, specifically cyanobacteria
​
Can photosynthesize with chlorophyll?yes

Question 35

Prokaryotes-archaea

Answer 35

​List characteristics
​Habitats found in-hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, salt lakes, volcanic areas, and environments with high acidity or salinity
Can photosynthesize with chlorophyll?no

Question 36

Protists-

Answer 36

​How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes? Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are smaller and simpler and include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are cells that do have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
​
Endosymbiosis origins and evidence-the earliest protists evolved from prokaryotes (single-celled organisms) based on available evidence
​
Common locomotive structures-flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia;
​
Types of nutrition (how do they attain food/energy)-autotrophic (producing their own food through photosynthesis) and heterotrophic (consuming other organisms or organic matter)
​
Difference between a colony and a multicellular organism-A colony is a group of individual, single-celled organisms living together, often with similar functions, while a multicellular organism is composed of many cells that are specialized to perform different functions
​
3 groups of multicellular protists-plant-like protists (algae), animal-like protists (protozoa), and fungi-like protists (slime molds
​
Protist reproduction-primarily reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission
​
​​Sexual-sexual reproduction in protists typically involves the fusion of gametes (specialized reproductive cells) to create genetic diversity

Question 37

Excavata

Euglenozoa

Answer 37

​excavata-symmetrical, single-celled organisms with a feeding groove “excavated” from one side.
Euglenozoa-large group of flagellate Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans.

Question 38

SAR

Answer 38

​Stramenopila-clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs
​​​ Brown algae-type of stramenopile, a large group of eukaryotes that includes algae, parasites, and other organisms
​​​ Diatoms-any member of a large group comprising several genera of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world
​​Alveolata-group of protists, considered a major clade and superphylum within Eukarya.
​​​ Dinoflagellates-type of alveolate, a group of unicellular eukaryotes that share the distinctive characteristic of having sacs called alveoli under their plasma membrane
​​Rhizaria- groups of organisms that are part of the SAR supergroup, a large clade of eukaryotes
​​​ Forminifera-single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses

Question 39

​Archaeplastida

Answer 39

​Red algae-make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae
​​Green algae-significant part of the Archaeplastida group, meaning they share a common evolutionary ancestry with red algae and land plants.

Question 40

​Amoebozoa

Answer 40

​Amoeba-major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae
​​
Social amoeba-single celled eukaryotic organisms that feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae through phagocytosis, with digestion occurring in phagolysosomes

Question 41

Opisthokonta

Answer 41

​Choanoflagellates- group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animal

Question 42

Fungi (Chapter 25)

Answer 42

Symbiotic relationships (3 types)-mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
​ Obligate-one organism cannot survive without the other
​ Facultative-the fungus can live independently but benefits from the symbiotic interaction when it occurs, meaning it is not strictly dependent on the other organism for survival
Multicellular structures & functions
​ Fruiting body-a multicellular structure that produces and disperses spores for reproduction
​ Mycelium-the root-like structure of a fungus that’s made up of a mass of branching thread-like hyphae
​ Hyphae-long, branching filaments that make up the body of multicellular fungi
​ Septum-an internal cross-wall that divides hyphae into cells
​ Spores-microscopic particles that are the reproductive units of fungi and are similar to plant seeds

Question 43

Ascomycota

Answer 43

​How reproduce-can reproduce both sexually and asexually
​ Yeast – unicellular
​​ How reproduce-budding where a new cell grows out from the parent cell, essentially creating a “bud” that eventually detaches and becomes a separate organism
​​ How gets nutrition-from the tissues of their hosts.(heterotroph)

Question 44

Basidiomycota

Answer 44

​How reproduce-reproduce asexually by either budding or asexual spore formation

Sexually-are required for the fusion of genetic material in the basidium which is followed by meiosis producing haploid basidiospores

Question 45

Zygomycota

Answer 45

​How reproduce-usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores.

Question 46

Lichens

Answer 46

​What is a lichen? composite organism formed by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria
​
Term for this relationship? symbiosis

Question 47

Ecological roles of fungi

Answer 47

Symbiotic relationships
Facultative-fungal species that can switch between different lifestyles depending on the environmental conditions, acting as both decomposers (breaking down organic matter) and mutualists (forming beneficial symbiotic relationships with other organisms)
Obligate-decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem
Pathogenic-acting as disease-causing agents within ecosystems
Arbuscular mycorrhizae-uptake and transfer of nutrients, modification of the physical soil environment and alteration of plant interactions with other biota
Mycorrhizae-forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake from the soil, particularly phosphorus, in exchange for carbon from the plant, thereby promoting plant growth, improving stress tolerance, and contributing to soil structure and ecosystem function in most terrestrial ecosystems
Fungi animal relationships-help maintain a sustainable ecosystem for the animals and plants that share the same habitat