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PSY202 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Randomized order of variables; controls for order effects in within-groups designs.

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3
Q

________ validity is the largest concern of experimental measures.

A

Internal

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4
Q

Control Group

A

Receives no treatment level of the IV (I.e., placebo group).

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5
Q

Treatment Group

A

Receives a level of the IV.

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6
Q

Covariance

A

An association between variables.

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7
Q

Design Confounds

A

A second variable that varies systematically along with the IV and provides an alternative explanation for the results.

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8
Q

Selection Effects

A

Participants in one level of the IV are systematically different than the participants in the other level(s) of the IV.

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9
Q

Posttest Only Design

A

A between-groups measure in which participants are randomly assigned to IV groups and are tested on the DV just once.

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10
Q

Pretest/Posttest design

A

A between-groups measure in which participants are randomly assigned to at least 2 different groups and are tested on the key dependent variable twice – once before and once after exposure to the IV.

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11
Q

Repeated-measures design

A

A within-subjects design in which participants are measured on the DV more than once – typically after exposure to each level of the IV.

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12
Q

Concurrent measures design

A

A within-subjects design in which participants are exposed to all levels of the IV at roughly the same time and a single preference is the DV.

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13
Q

Advantages of within-subs design

A
  • Participants serve as their own control groups.
  • Requires fewer participants.
  • IV effects are measured for each individual person.
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14
Q

Order effects

A

Exposure to one level of the IV influences reactions to the other levels of the IV.

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15
Q

Practice effects

A

Participants improve at a task from practice or get worse at the task due to fatigue.

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16
Q

Carryover effects

A

When there is contamination from one condition to the next.

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17
Q

Maturation effects

A

(Threat to internal validity) A change in behavior that emerges spontaneously over time.

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18
Q

History threat

A

(Threat to internal validity) External/”historical” events affecting most members of the treatment group at the same time as the treatment.

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19
Q

Regression threat

A

(Threat to internal validity) Extremely low or extremely high performance at Time 1 is likely to be less extreme at Time 2 (i.e., regression to the mean/average).

20
Q

Attrition threat

A

(Threat to internal validity) Systematic reduction in participant numbers across measurements.

21
Q

Testing threat

A

(Threat to internal validity) A type of order effect in which there is a change in participants as a result of experiencing the DV (the test) more than once.

22
Q

Instrumentation threat

A

(Threat to internal validity) Occurs when a measuring instrument changes over time.

23
Q

Selection-history threat

A

(Combined threat to internal validity) Outside events/factors systematically affects participants at one level of the DV.

24
Q

Selection-attrition threat

A

(Combined threat to internal validity) Participants in only one experimental group experience attrition.

25
Q

Weak manipulation

A

(Possible contribution to null effects) Differences between levels were not large enough.

26
Q

Ceiling effects

A

(Possible contribution to null effects) DV measurements are near the maximum possible and increases are therefore difficult to measure.

27
Q

Floor effects

A

(Possible contribution to null effects) DV measurements are near the minimum possible, causing difficulties in measuring a decrease.

28
Q

Manipulation checks

A

A second DV is included in a study to verify the IV manipulation worked.

29
Q

Measurement error

A

Inflation/deflation of a person’s score on the DV.

30
Q

Situation Noise

A

External distractors of any kind obscure btwn-subs differences and cause variability w/in groups.

31
Q

Power

A

The likelihood that a study will yield a statistically significant result when the IV really has an effect.

32
Q

A larger sample size increases _____ validity.

A

internal

33
Q

Interaction effects

A

Occurs when the effect on one IV depends on the level of another IV. I.e., crossover interactions; spreading interactions.

34
Q

Factorial designs

A

Experiments with 2 or more IVs or factors

35
Q

IVs in factorial designs are also called _____.

A

factors

36
Q

Main effects

A

In factorial designs, the overall difference. Not as important as interaction effects.

37
Q

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

A

spreading effect/interaction

38
Q

If you see the phrase “especially for” in an experiment, which of the following results are being described?

A

spreading effect/interaction

39
Q

_________ controls for order effects in within-groups designs.

A

counterbalancing

40
Q

What is one reason why a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?

A. to determine between-group differences
B. to allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
C. to improve construct validity
D. to ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal

A

D. to ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal

41
Q

Practice effects and carryover effects are example of ______ effects.

A

order

42
Q

What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-subjects designs?

A. the number of times the independent variable is replicated
B. the number of times the dependent variable is measured
C. the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to

A

the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to

43
Q

In this type of experimental design, participants are measured on the DV more than once. Typically, the DV is measured after exposure to each level of the IV.

A. within-subjects design
B. repeated-measures design
C. posttest only design
D. concurrent measures design

A

repeated measures design

44
Q

Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations?

A. when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest
B. when one group has an extremely high score at pretest
C. when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest
D. when one group has an extremely low score at posttest.

A

when one group has an extremely high score at pretest

45
Q

d = ____

A

effect size

PSY202 (2 decks)

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