Exam #3 Flashcards
Test-retest reliability
consistency of results every time a measure is used. Used to assess self-report, observational, and physiological measures.
Internal reliability (internal consistency)
In a measure that contains several items, the consistency in a pattern of answers, no matter how the questions is phrased. Cronbach’s alpha is used to assess this reliability.
Face validity
the measure appears to measure the desired variables.
Content validity
The measure contains all parts that the theory states it should contain.
Criterion validity
correlation to key behaviors/other behaviors.
Known-groups paradigm
whether scores on the measure can distinguish among a set of groups whose behavior is already well understood.
Convergent validity
A self-report measure is more strongly associated with self-report measures of similar constructs.
Divergent validity
self-report measures are less strongly associated with self-report measures of dissimilar constructs.
Experimental studies
causal claims, variable manipulation and random assignment.
Quasi-experiments
no random assignment, comparison groups, and limited causal claims (dependent on study design) and support of association claims.
Correlational studies
No variable manipulation, association claims.
Open-ended questions
allow for the responder to construct their answer.
Forced choice questions
the responder must choose between (usually just two) pre-written answers.
Rating scale questions
the responder must rate or rank their answer/opinion.
Simple random sampling
Can be obtained by putting every member of the population into a pool and then randomly selecting a predetermined number of people to be the sample. A random sample
Cluster sampling
Clusters of participants within a population of interest are randomly selected, and then all individuals in each cluster are used. A random sample.
Multistage sampling
(1) A random sample of clusters is selected from the population of interest and (2) a random sample is drawn from those clusters. A random sample
Stratified random sampling
The researcher selects specific demographic categories (such as race or gender) and then randomly selects individuals from each of the categories. A random sample
Oversampling
A variation of stratified random sampling in which a researcher over-represents one or more groups. A random sample
Purposive sampling
Participants must meet specific criteria to be recruited (e.g., a study about marriage satisfaction would only select married individuals to participate).
Convenience sampling
A sample that is easy to access (e.g., college students on a university campus).
Snowball sampling
A variation of purposive sampling where participants are asked to recruit more participants.
Can observational data be useful in Frequency claims? Association claims? Causal claims?
Frequency claims
What is another word for observer effects?
Reactivity / Hawthorne effects
A sample is always ________ a population.
smaller than
If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have done what?
Systematic sampling
Having a representative sample is probably most important in which of the following example claims?
Frequency claims
What is another term for probability sampling?
Random sampling
Random assignment boosts __________ validity, whereas random sampling boosts __________ validity.
Internal; External
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?
Convenience sampling
When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, what is the most important question to ask?
How was the sample collected?
