Exam #3

Question 1

Test-retest reliability

Answer 1

consistency of results every time a measure is used. Used to assess self-report, observational, and physiological measures.

Question 2

Internal reliability (internal consistency)

Answer 2

In a measure that contains several items, the consistency in a pattern of answers, no matter how the questions is phrased. Cronbach’s alpha is used to assess this reliability.

Question 3

Face validity

Answer 3

the measure appears to measure the desired variables.

Question 4

Content validity

Answer 4

The measure contains all parts that the theory states it should contain.

Question 5

Criterion validity

Answer 5

correlation to key behaviors/other behaviors.

Question 6

Known-groups paradigm

Answer 6

whether scores on the measure can distinguish among a set of groups whose behavior is already well understood.

Question 7

Convergent validity

Answer 7

A self-report measure is more strongly associated with self-report measures of similar constructs.

Question 8

Divergent validity

Answer 8

self-report measures are less strongly associated with self-report measures of dissimilar constructs.

Question 9

Experimental studies

Answer 9

causal claims, variable manipulation and random assignment.

Question 10

Quasi-experiments

Answer 10

no random assignment, comparison groups, and limited causal claims (dependent on study design) and support of association claims.

Question 11

Correlational studies

Answer 11

No variable manipulation, association claims.

Question 12

Open-ended questions

Answer 12

allow for the responder to construct their answer.

Question 13

Forced choice questions

Answer 13

the responder must choose between (usually just two) pre-written answers.

Question 14

Rating scale questions

Answer 14

the responder must rate or rank their answer/opinion.

Question 15

Simple random sampling

Answer 15

Can be obtained by putting every member of the population into a pool and then randomly selecting a predetermined number of people to be the sample. A random sample

Question 16

Cluster sampling

Answer 16

Clusters of participants within a population of interest are randomly selected, and then all individuals in each cluster are used. A random sample.

Question 17

Multistage sampling

Answer 17

(1) A random sample of clusters is selected from the population of interest and (2) a random sample is drawn from those clusters. A random sample

Question 18

Stratified random sampling

Answer 18

The researcher selects specific demographic categories (such as race or gender) and then randomly selects individuals from each of the categories. A random sample

Question 19

Oversampling

Answer 19

A variation of stratified random sampling in which a researcher over-represents one or more groups. A random sample

Question 20

Purposive sampling

Answer 20

Participants must meet specific criteria to be recruited (e.g., a study about marriage satisfaction would only select married individuals to participate).

Question 21

Convenience sampling

Answer 21

A sample that is easy to access (e.g., college students on a university campus).

Question 22

Snowball sampling

Answer 22

A variation of purposive sampling where participants are asked to recruit more participants.

Question 23

Can observational data be useful in Frequency claims? Association claims? Causal claims?

Answer 23

Frequency claims

Question 24

What is another word for observer effects?

Answer 24

Reactivity / Hawthorne effects

Question 25

A sample is always ________ a population.

Answer 25

smaller than

Question 26

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have done what?

Answer 26

Systematic sampling

Question 27

Having a representative sample is probably most important in which of the following example claims?

Answer 27

Frequency claims

Question 28

What is another term for probability sampling?

Answer 28

Random sampling

Question 29

Random assignment boosts __________ validity, whereas random sampling boosts __________ validity.

Answer 29

Internal; External

Question 30

What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?

Answer 30

Convenience sampling

Question 31

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, what is the most important question to ask?

Answer 31

How was the sample collected?