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Neurobiology > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Retinoic Acid

A

drives cellular differentiation, regulating transition b/n various classes

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2
Q

BMP

A

Act as dorsalizing signal to regulate initial specification of neural plate and subsequent differentiation of dorsal part **

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3
Q

Wnt Pathway

A

regulates cell movement for lengthening neural plate and neural tube *

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4
Q

Sonic Hedgehog

A

ventralizing signals for motor neuron differentiation*

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5
Q

Delta/Notch signaling

A

plays a role in neuronal differentation during neurogenesis by regulating neural stem cell decisions to generate either additional stem cells or postmitotic signals *

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6
Q

bHLH

A

helps determine differentiation of cells

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7
Q

Homeobox transcription factors

A

regulate segmentation of hindbrain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Reelin

A

influence detachment of neurons from the radial glia

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9
Q

Function of HOX genes

A

subset of homeotic genes that encode homeobox transcription factors

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10
Q

Birthdate of neuron

A

time when precursor/progenitor cell undergoes final cell division and generates a neuroblast

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11
Q

Inside out manner

A

first born cells are located in the deepest layer (layer 6) and the later born migrate radially to the superficial layer

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12
Q

Symmetric cell division

A

Produces TWO new stem cells; slow division, self renew

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13
Q

Asymmetric cell division

A

postmitotic cells that are molecularly distinct from slowly dividing radial glial stem cells

produces stem cell AND a differentiated neuroblast

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14
Q

What does the prosecephalon split into

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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15
Q

Telencephalon makes

A

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactoru bulb

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16
Q

Diencephalon makes

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

Rhombencephalon splits into what

A

metencephalon and myencephalon

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18
Q

Metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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19
Q

Myelencephalon

A

medulla

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20
Q

Mesencephalon makes

A

midbrain tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi

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21
Q

Function of radial glial cells

A

instruct cells how to migrate; organizers

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22
Q

PAR

A

regulate neuronal polarization

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23
Q

Netrin

A

diffusable axon guidance chemoattractment

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24
Q

Slit

A

Diffusable axon guidance chemorepellent

25
Q

Protocadherins

A

Mediators of synapse specificity

26
Q

Ephrin/Eph

A

non diffusable signals for axon guidance and cell to cell recognition codes

27
Q

Neurexins

A

Help localize synaptic vesicles, docking proteins, and fusion molecules in the presynaptic active zone

28
Q

CAM

A

associated with the bundling or fasciculation of groups of axons

29
Q

What is the functional consequence for homophillic binding of DSCAM1

A

generates repulsive signaling which leads to downregulation of DSCAM

30
Q

What is a neurotrophin

A

distinct effects on different target neurons; selectively available in different targets to distinguish neurons that innervate them

31
Q

3 mechanisms of neurotrophins

A
  1. neurite outgrowth or retraction
  2. synapse stabilization or eliminations for activity dependent plasticity
  3. cell survival or death
32
Q

What are the neurotrophins

A
  1. NGF
  2. BDNF
  3. NT-4/5
  4. NT-3
33
Q

Receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF)

34
Q

Receptor for brain-deprived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

35
Q

Receptor for neurotrophin 4 and 5 (NT-4/5)

36
Q

Receptor for Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3)

37
Q

True or False: all neurotrophins activate p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptors

38
Q

What are cells types derived from neural crest cells

A

Sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons, autonomic ganglion neurons, enteric neurons

39
Q

Which structures in the mature brain are likely to disappear in patients with holoprosencephaly

A

Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus

40
Q

What are the steps of neurulation

A
  1. formation of the notochord in the mesoderm
  2. induction of the neuroectoerm in the ectoderm
  3. folding of the neural plate to form the neural tube
41
Q

What is the function of the notochord

A

sends inductive signals to specifiy the ectoderm to differntiate into the neuroectoderm which then gives rise to the entire nervous system

42
Q

What are three types of neuronal repair

A
  1. Peripheral nerve regeneration
  2. Restoration of damaged CNS neurons
  3. Wholesale genesis of new neurons
43
Q

Which of the neuronal repair is most effective

A

peripheral nerve regeneration

44
Q

Peripheral nerve regeneration

A

regrowth of axons from PNS or CNS neurons - peripherally projecting axons are severed

45
Q

Restoration of damages CNS neurons

A
  • limited
  • mostly fails in injured CNS due to overgrowth of glial cells
  • local inflammatory response
  • glial and immune cells produce signals that inhibit neuron growth and suppress neurite growth
46
Q

Wholesale genesis of new neurons

A
  • limited
  • adult neurogenesis = rare
  • nervous tissue must retain population of multipotent neural stem cells in distinct region
47
Q

What are events for cellular response to PNS injury

A
  1. distal portion of injured axon regenerates
  2. macrophage phagocytose myelin and axonal debris
  3. schwann cells proliferate and secrete molecules to guide and stimulate growth cone
  4. axon regrowth to target
48
Q

What are key molecules involves in PNS injury

A
  1. schwann cells
  2. macrophages
  3. regenerating sensory or motor neuron
49
Q

What are events for cellular response to CNS injury

A
  1. distal stamp of axons and myelin degenerate
  2. microglial clear axonal and myelin debris
  3. reactive gliosis
  4. glial scar formation & no local production of growth inhibiting molecules
  5. no regeneration and permanent lesion forms
50
Q

CNS damage usually happens in what forms

A
  1. physical trauma
  2. hypoxia
  3. neurodegenerative diseases
51
Q

What is reactive gliosis

A

when all three classes of CNS glial cells are activated by proliferation and hypertrophy in response to injury

52
Q

What are the factors that inhibit axon regrowth

A
  1. Physical barrier formed by glial scar
  2. chemorepellents
  3. ECM components produced by glial scars
  4. Myelin associated inhibitors
53
Q

Chemorepellents that prevent axon regrowrh

A

semaphorin 3A, ephrin, and slit

54
Q

What are ECM components produces by glial scarring that prevents axon regrowrh

A

tenascin and chondortin sulfate proteoglycans

55
Q

What are the myeline associated inhibitors that prevent axon regrowth

A

NogoA, MAGm, and OMhp

56
Q

What are the two neural stem cell niches in adult mammal brains and what do they do

A

*give rise to post mitotic neurons that can intergrate into existing circuits
1. subventricular zone
2. subgranular zone

57
Q

Subventricular zone location and function

A

Location: epithelial lining of anterior lateral ventricles
Function: generate interneurons for olfactory bulbs

58
Q

Subgranular zone location and function

A

Location: basal aspect of granule later of dentate gyrus of hippocampus
Function: generate interneurons for hippocampus

59
Q

What are the cell types that can generate from neural stem cells in adult brains

A

oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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