Exam 5 Flashcards
From a behavioral perspective, the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder may become inadvertently ______ when a person feels that their worry has led to some sort of positive outcome.
Reinforced
Richard experiences unexpected episodes of intense fear, accompanied by shortness of breath and the thought that he might be going crazy. He constantly fears the onset of these episodes. Richard most likely suffers from:
Panic disorder
Specific genetic factors that might make someone vulnerable to developing an anxiety disorder are called _______ vulnerabilities; however, no single gene has been identified as directly causing anxiety of panic symptoms.
Biological
Specific phobias can be categorized by type. Which of the following is a type of specific phobia?
Blood-Injury type: symptoms include a fear of blood or needles
Which of the following is not a category of symptoms experienced by individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Repetitive behavior
After serving two terms in Afghanistan, Kurt is suffering from insomnia, is agitated and jumpy, and has intrusive thoughts that cause great distress. Kurt is most likely suffering from:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Which of the following is the most common anxiety disorder?
Specific phobia
____________________________ is characterized by constant worry over minor and catastrophic events. Other complaints, such as muscle tension, fatigue, and irritability are also common.
Generalized anxiety
A person who avoids public places or situations because they are viewed as not “safe” would most likely be diagnosed with:
Agoraphobia
Which of the following is true regarding treatment for anxiety disorders?
None of the above
When Olivia was a child, she observed how her mother would count calories and restrict her eating. Now Olivia deals with her stressors by avoiding food and staying slender. Olivia’s early experiences appear to be channeled into a food-related anxiety disorder. This is an example of a(n) _______ vulnerability.
Specific
When he leaves his house, Carlton experiences high levels of anxiety about whether he has locked his front door. As a result, he goes back to check the door multiple times, and sometimes he is so anxious about not having locked up that he is unable to leave his home at all. Which disorder is he most likely experiencing here?
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Of the various types of anxiety disorders, which one is diagnosed more often in men than in women?
None. They are all diagnosed more frequently in women than in men.
Cognitive behavioral therapies are effective treatments for anxiety disorders. _____________ is/are a key component of this therapy.
Exposure exercises
Which does NOT belong to the “triple vulnerabilities” model?
Acute vulnerabilities
Anxiety disorders are thought to emerge from “triple vulnerabilities.” Which of the following is NOT an example of one of those vulnerabilities?
Zoe’s small physical build makes her predisposed to feel the world is overwhelming leading to anxiety.
Kyle is so preoccupied with avoiding germs that he washes his hands as many as 20 times an hour. Kyle most likely suffers from:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Manpreet experiences high levels of anxiety about exposure to germs. As a result, he typically washes his hands more than 100 times a day. What is the clinical term for this behavior?
A compulsion
__________ can be defined as a negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and apprehension about future danger or misfortune.
Anxiety
Higher levels of Major Depressive Disorder are associated with _________.
Lower socioeconomic status
What is something to examine before diagnosing a Mood Disorder?
Whether the symptoms are due to a substance or a general medical condition
Which is NOT one of the symptoms for a Major Depressive Episode?
Distractibility
Anhedonia is characterized by:
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities one previously found enjoyable or rewarding
Which is NOT included as an antidepressant medication?
Glutamate neurotransmission suppressors
Research finds that __________ stress, which involves problematic events that activate one’s biological or psychological stress response system over an extended period of time, is related to an increased risk of major depressive disorder.
Chronic
When a person experiencing depression demonstrates the symptom of psychomotor __________, they might fidget, pace, tap their feet, or wring their hands.
Agitation
Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:
Persistant depressive disorder
Research indicates that typically,
Women are twice as likely to experience depression.
Bipolar disorder has a _______________ rate of heritability suggesting a biological cause.
High
___________ factors are influential in the development of Major Depressive Disorder?
Both genetic and environmental
Twin studies suggest that familial influence on Major Depressive Disorders is due to ________________________ .
Genetic and environmental factors
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between Bipolar I Disorder (BD I) and Bipolar II Disorder (BD II)?
BD I involves at least one manic episode, while BD II involves at least one hypomanic episode.
Which of the following is an example of anhedonia?
Julie typically enjoyed taking her kids to the park but lately has lost interest or pleasure in this activity.
Heather just failed her sculpting class. From this failure Heather concludes it was her fault, she has no talent, and she will always do poorly in sculpting. What is Heather displaying?
Heather has made an internal, specific, and stable attribution about herself.
A Major Depressive Episode requires ________ of nine symptoms, including a depressed mood and/or diminished interest in activities for at least two weeks.
Five
One day, Betty felt lethargic, hopelessly sad, fatigued, and had no interest in anything. A few days later she was feeling extremely euphoric and powerful, engaged in risky sexual exploits, and spent money irresponsibly. Betty could be diagnosed with:
Bipolar disorder
The Social zeitgeber theory is based on:
Biological rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle
Christopher has the idea that a secret government organization is hunting him. His belief is hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information. This is an example of a _________.
Delusion
Parisa has schizophrenia and regularly experiences hallucinations. According to the research, which type of hallucination is most common in people who have schizophrenia?
Auditory
Which of the following is a term that suggests a lack of caring or pleasure, and a reduction in a person’s motivation or ability to engage in actions necessary to obtain a positive outcome?
Anhedonia
Which type of psychotherapy has been found to help improve a variety of symptoms and protect against loss of gray matter in the brain of those with schizophrenia?
Cognitive enhancement therapy
Schizophrenia is often characterized by the following symptoms:
Bizarre delusions
An individual who believes that someone is following them is likely displaying which type of delusion?
Persecutory delusions
Hallucinations refer to ___________; where delusions refer to _______________.
Smelling something not there; a false belief
What is a common feature for the treatment of schizophrenia?
Most of the medications block a certain dopamine receptor
Which of the following is a risk factor for schizophrenia?
Children born to older fathers
What disorder(s) involve(s) symptoms such as: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and abnormal behavior?
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Some people with schizophrenia use only one-word answers or even may be silent. This pattern of reduced speech is called alogia, and is a _____ symptom of schizophrenia.
Negative
Jules seems to be very odd. For instance, she smears lipstick across her cheeks and often hopes on every third step when she walks. These examples of _______ indicate the possibility that Jules suffers from schizophrenia.
Disorganized behaviors
The most common type of hallucination, at least in adults who suffer from psychosis, is __________.
Auditory
Individuals with schizophrenia that have problems with social cognition tend to have more:
Negative and disorganized symptoms
Those with schizophrenia might suffer from deficits in ________ memory (the ability to learn and retrieve new information or experiences in one’s life) as well as __________ memory (the ability to maintain information over a short period of time)
episodic; working
__________ is a term that refers to an overall reduction in responsiveness to one’s external environment. It can appear as holding unusual physical postures for an extended period of time, failing to respond to another person, or purposeless physical activity.
Catatonia
Which of the following is the best distinction between hallucinations and delusions?
Hallucinations are sensory/perceptual while delusions are beliefs.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia?
Cognitive deficits act as both a risk factor and an outcome of schizophrenia
Which is NOT one of the personality disorders included in the DSM-V?
Persistant
Narcissistic personality disorder includes traits such as:
reactive shame, need for admiration, and reactive anger
Why do individuals with a personality disorders rarely seek treatment?
They often do not realize their behaviors are maladaptive
Steven very rarely goes out in public due to worrying that others will think poorly of him. Steven would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following personality disorders?
Avoidant personality disorder
Which treatment is often used to treat borderline personality disorder?
Dialectical behavior therapy
In the famous Harry Potter books, one of the main characters is Voldemort. This individual kills at will, thinks only of his own needs, and manipulates people into doing his bidding. He even uses magic to destroy anyone who gets in his way! If Voldemort were seeing a psychologist, which diagnosis would be the most appropriate?
antisocial personality disorder
__________ personality disorder is generally considered to be the result of an interaction of a genetic disposition to negative emotional patterns interacting with an abusive and/or invalidating family environment.
Borderline
Jean suffers from a pattern of pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Jean likely has which personality disorder?
avoidant personality disorder
Donald is dishonest and manipulative, often has fits of rage and wants to have fistfights. These traits have been part of his life for as long as anyone can remember. Which personality disorder seems to describe Donald?
antisocial personality disorder
A person who combines the traits of introversion and neuroticism would be most likely to suffer from __________ personality disorder.
avoidant
__________ personality disorder is generally considered to be the result of an interaction of a genetic disposition to negative emotional patterns interacting with an abusive and/or invalidating family environment.
Borderline
A combination of neuroticism and maladaptive agreeableness would most likely result in a person suffering from __________ personality disorder.
Dependent
Bruno is extraverted to a maladaptive level. This includes traits such as attention-seeking, seductiveness, melodramatic emotionality, and extreme attachment needs. Bruno likely has which personality disorder?
Historic
A person who combines the traits of introversion and neuroticism would be most likely to suffer from __________ personality disorder.
Avoidant
Which of the following may be the most accurate way to view personality disorders?
As a pervasive pattern of thoughts and behaviors that interfere with functioning
Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?
Emotion-focused coping
What is NOT one of the five factors often studied in regard to resilience?
Genetic influences
________ occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.
Learned helplessness
__________-focused coping is when one regulates their emotional reaction to stress, and _____________-focused coping is addressing the stressful event.
Emotion; problem
Of all the possible stress reduction activities which of the following has the most health benefits?
Exercise
Thirty-eight percent of people report using the internet and having it influence their decision to see a doctor. While the internet has an important role, which of the following is a concern doctors have over the average person turning to the internet for medical advice?
Judging the credibility of information based on irrelevant factors
What were the main findings from Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Phases of stress, including arousal, coping, and exhaustion.
Although Maria received a failing grade on her first exam she decided to see her professor for study advice and ask her friends to form a study group. Her ability to bounce back from a challenge is called ______.
Resilience
Since people cannot usually change stress __________,
they should aim to change ___________ instead.
sources; responses
Health psychologists generally define health according to the ______ model, an integrative orientation that views one’s overall health as a very complex recipe with many different ingredients.
biopsychosocial
The ________ model of health gives primary consideration to the role of physical factors in the development of illness while not giving equal attention to psychological contributors.
biomedical
What were the main findings from Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Phases of stress, including arousal, coping, and exhaustion.
Researchers have found that when participants are exposed to a cold virus the participants with a lower risk of developing a cold were ________________________.
less stressed and more positive at the beginning of the study
Thirty-eight percent of people report using the internet and having it influence their decision to see a doctor. While the internet has an important role, which of the following is a concern doctors have over the average person turning to the internet for medical advice?
Judging the credibility of information based on irrelevant factors
A health condition that persists over time is typically known as:
a chronic disease
Albert has a large project due to his boss by the end of the week. Although it’s stressful, Albert makes a step-by-step to-do list to ensure he can accomplish the project on time. Albert is displaying what type of coping?
problem-focused coping
________ occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.
Learned helplessness
What is the most accurate statement about stress and health?
Those highly stressed are more likely to get sick
What is NOT one of the five factors often studied in regard to resilience?
Genetic influences
Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?
emotion-focused coping
Of all the possible stress reduction activities which of the following has the most health benefits?
exercise
The second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of stress response involves:
Coping with the stress that is being experienced.
Health psychologists generally define health according to the ______ model, an integrative orientation that views one’s overall health as a very complex recipe with many different ingredients.
biopsychosocial
