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ANTR 350 > Exam 4 (weeks 9-10) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (weeks 9-10) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls the functions of the visceral organs (composed of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands).

It connects your brain to your sweat glands, heart, lungs, bladder, digestive system, and other important structures

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2
Q

What types of tissues does the ANS innervate?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (ex. Salivary, sweat).

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3
Q

Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

Autonomic nervous system

  • The visceral motor/efferent portion of the nervous system
  • controls functions of visceral organs
  • have no conscious awareness
  • has two divisions: parasympathetic and sympathetic
  • tissue: cardiac, smooth, glands
  • two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Somatic nervous system

  • controls the function of skeletal muscles
  • we have conscious control
  • one neuron
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4
Q

Explain the difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

A

Preganglionic neurons start in the CNS and extend to the PNS to the ganglion

Postganglionic originate in the ganglion and extend to the target tissue

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5
Q

List the two divisions of the ANS and describe their basic functions

A

Sympathetic

  • Fight or flight/ prepares our body for crisis
  • Originates in thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
  • Short preganglionic axon
  • Long postganglion axon

Parasympathetic

  • rest and digest or return to normal response
  • takes over when we are relaxed
  • originates in the cranial sacral region of the spinal cord/brain stem
  • long preganglionic axon
  • short postganglionic axon
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6
Q

Where is the parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cell bodies located?

A

Preganglionic cell bodies are located in the craniosacral region (brain stem,S-S4 gray matter of the spinal cord)

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in intramural and terminal ganglia located on or near effector tissue (synapse)
Intramural-within the wall of the organ
Terminal-really close to the organ

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7
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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8
Q

CN III (parasympathetic)

A

Oculomotor nerve
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscles and the lens of the eye

Parasympathetic effect: 
Pupil constriction (limit amount of light into eye
Lens accommodation (for near/close vision).
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9
Q

CN VII (parasympathetic)

A

Facial nerve

Parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland and sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

The parasympathetic effect:
Secretion of tears from lacrimal gland
Secretion of saliva for salivary glands

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10
Q

CN IX (parasympathetic)

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid salivary gland

Parasympathetic effect:
Secretion of saliva for salivary glands

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11
Q

CN X (Parasympathetic innervation)

A

Vagus nerve

Parasympathetic innervation to most organs:

  • thorax: heart, lungs
  • abdomen: foregut, midgut organs

Parasympathetic effect:

  • decrease heart rate and force of contraction
  • constrict bronchioles of ling and increase mucus production
  • increase peristalsis (digestion)
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12
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic innervation to abdominal and pelvic organs
Abdomen: Hindus organs
Pelvic organs

Parasympathetic effects:

  • increase peristalsis (digestion):
  • urination
  • defecation
  • erection
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13
Q

What are the locations of sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cell bodies?

A

-preganglionic cell bodies are located in the thoracolumbar region (lateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord)

Postganglionic cell bodies are located in a prevertebral (preaortic) or sympathetic chain (prevertebral) ganglia (synapse)

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14
Q

Specify the location of the sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia and the prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

A 
Sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia 
-located with the right abs left sympathetic chains

Prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia
-located on abdominal aorta

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15
Q

Does the white ramus communicans carry preganglionic or postganglionic axons?

A

Preganglionic axons are used to enter the chain (on ramps)

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16
Q

Does the gray ramus communications carry preganglionic or postganglionic axons?

A

Postganglionic axons are used to exit the chain (off ramps)

17
Q

Do the splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic axons or postganglionic axons?

A

Preganglionic axons that did not synapse in sympathetic chain ganglia

do not use gray ramus communications to exit the chain

instead take a splanchnic nerve to the prevertebral (pre-aortic) plexus and synapse there

18
Q

Sympathetic: body wall (spinal nerve pathway)

A

Pathway primarily to blood vessels and sweat glands of the body wall

preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus

synapse in sympathetic chain (paravertebral)

  • can stay at the same level and synapse
  • can ascend and synapse
  • can descend and synapse

postganglionic axon exits the chain using gray ramus to spinal nerve then continues to effector tissue (blood vessels of skin, sweat glands)

Sympathetic effect:
Vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels)
Secretion of sweat glands

19
Q

Pathway to organs of head (T1-T4/5)

A

Pathway to organs of the head (pupil, salivary/ lacrimal glands)

Preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus

  • ascends to the cervical region of the sympathetic chain
  • synapse in a cervical sympathetic chain (paravertebral)

Postganglionic axon exits the chain using a sympathetic nerve (not a gray ramus) then continues to effector tissue

Sympathetic effect:
Head:
-dilation of pupil
-inhibited secretion of salivary/lacrimal glands

20
Q

Pathway to organs of the thorax (T1-T4/5)

A

Preganglionic axon enters the
sympathetic chain using white ramus
-ascends to the cervical region of the sympathetic chain
-synapse in a cervical sympathetic chain (paravertebral)

Postganglionic axon exits the chain using a sympathetic nerve (not a gray ramus) then continues to effector tissue.

Sympathetic effect:
Thorax: increased heard rate and force of contraction of heart
Dilation of bronchioles and increased respiration

21
Q

Pathway to organs of abdomen

A

Pathway to organs of abdomen and pelvis
Preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus
-uses a splanchnic nerve to exit the sympathetic chain (does not synapse in chain)
-travels to prevertebral (preaortic) ganglion and synapses

Postganglionic axon continues to the effector tissue

Sympathetic effect: decreased digestion (peristalsis)

22
Q

Sympathetic adrenal medulla pathway

A

Pathway to adrenal medulla only

Preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus

  • uses a splanchnic nerve to exit the sympathetic chain (does not synapse in chain).
  • travels through preaortic plexus (does not synapse)
  • travels to adrenal medulla and synapses

Postganglionic axon continues short distance to effector tissue of adrenal medulla

Sympathetic effect:
-release adrenaline and noradrenaline into blood

23
Q

How are somatic pain and visceral pain different?

A

Somatic pain:

  • Somatic afferents from skeletal muscle, joints, skin
  • Easy to locate where the pain is

Visceral pain:

  • visceral afferents from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • cannot localize pain
  • dull or achy pain that is hard to locate or nausea
  • often refers pain
24
Q

Define referred pain

A

Pain from a structure that is felt in a different location

The body mistakes pain coming from one area for pain coming from another area

25
Q

Specify the location of the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons

A

Somatic and visceral sensory cell bodies location in dorsal root ganglion and posterior horn

26
Q

Specify the dermatomes involved in referred pain from the heart

A

Dermatome levels associated with T1-T4/5

medial upper limb and chest wall usually occur on the left side

27
Q

What is raynauds syndrome

A

Most often occurs in fingers but also sometimes toes, and most rarely, the nose, ears, or lips

Affected areas turn white then blue

This is because this syndrome causes hyper activation of the sympathetic nervous system causing extreme vasoconstriction of some peripheral blood vessels heading to hypoxia and associated pain

ANTR 350 (2 decks)

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