Exam 4- Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards
What is the urinary system responsible for?
the production and elimination of urine (a nitrogenous metabolic waste product)
What is urine?
a nitrogenous metabolic waste product
How many organs/tissues does the urinary system consist of?
4
What are the organs/tissues that the urinary system consist of?
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
What shape is the lateral border of the kidney?
Convex
What shape is the medial border of the kidney?
Concave
What side of the kidney is the renal hilus located?
Medial
What do all structures entering or leaving the kidney pass?
Renal hilus (hilum- singular)
What does the renal hilus mark the entrance of?
Renal Sinus
What structures course through the renal hilum?
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
- Ureter
What do the renal arteries branch from? How do they course?
- descending abdominal aorta
2. laterally, entering the kidneys at the hilus
What do the renal arteries ultimately end as?
capillary beds within the Bowman’s capsule
Where does filtration of blood occur?
Bowman’s Capsule
What takes filtered blood out of the kidneys?
Renal veins
How do renal veins course?
exit the hilum and course medially to join the inferior vena cava
What is the outer layer of the kidneys, internally?
Renal Cortex
What is the inner layer of the kidneys, internally?
Renal Medulla (medullary pyramids)
What is another name for the renal medulla?
Medullary Pyramids
What is within the medullary pyramids?
Nephrons
What are nephrons?
Functional units of the kidneys
What are nephrons responsible for?
the filtration of blood and the removal of impurities from the body
What 2 structures are contained within the renal cortex?
- Bowman’s Capsule
2. Convoluted tubules
What 2 structures are contained within the renal medulla?
- Loops of Henle
2. Collecting ducts
How many nephrons are present per kidney up to the age of 40?
800,000
What do afferent arterioles form when they enter the bowman’s capsule?
glomerular capillaries
What products are filtered and/or absorbed throughout the length of the nephron?
- Water
- Salts
- Nitrogenous waste products (including urea)
What is the final waste product of the urinary system?
urine
Where is urine passed onto after the nephron?
collecting ducts
Throughout the length of the collecting ducts, what happens?
Additional water reabsorption
Where is urine drained into after the collecting ducts?
into a minor calyx
Several minor calyx tributary into a ____
major calyx
Where does the major calyx drain urine into?
Renal Pelvis
How long is the ureter?
25cm
What is the composition/shape of the ureter?
muscular tube
What is the function of the ureter?
to convey urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
**How do the ureters course?
- They descend along the posterior abdominal wall, cross the bifurcation of the common iliac artery and turn medially toward the bladder
- The ureter courses through the muscular wall of the urinary bladder and opens into its lumen
What do the ureters open to in the urinary bladder?
It’s Lumen
What is the composition of the urinary bladder?
musculo-membranous sac
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
reservoir for the urine
Where is the urinary bladder located?
Pelvis resting on the pubis bones
What do the orifices of the ureters do? Where are they located?
- Drain urine from kidneys (opening of ureter)
2. Within the urinary bladder
What are the two parts of the muscular wall of the urinary bladder?
- Detrusor
2. Trigone
What does the detrusor make up?
majority of the musculature of the urinary bladder
What does the trigone make up?
the part of the urinary bladder located between the two orifices of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice
What is the urinary bladder drained by?
the urethra
What is the composition of the urethra?
Fibro-musuclar tube
What does the urethra extend from?
the internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice
In what order do ova course through the organs of the female reproductive system?
- Ovaries
- Uterine Tubes
- Uterus
What female organs are not involved in ova production/transportation?
- Vagina
- Greater vestibular glands
- Labia minora and majora
- Clitoris
- Mons pubis
What is the female gonad responsible for the production of eggs or ova?
Ovary
During ovulation, what is a result of the LH surge on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
The ovum is expelled from a follicle on the surface of the ovary
Where does the ovum enter after it is expelled?
abdominal cavity
Immediately after entering the abdominal cavity what happens to the ovum?
Picked up by the fimbriae (finger like projections on the ends of the fallopian tubes)
What are fimbriae?
finger like projections on the ends of the fallopian tubes
What are 2 other names for the fallopian tubes?
- Uterine tube
2. Oviduct
After the ovum is picked up by the fimbriae, what happens?
The fallopian tube extends from the fimbriae to the uterus and conveys the released ovum from the ovary toward the uterus
Where does fertilization of an ovum by sperm normally occur? What happens after the ovum is fertilized?
- Within the medial end of the fallopian tube
2. The fertilized egg is subsequently conveyed to the uterus where it develops
What is the composition of the uterus?
organ with an extremely thick muscular wall
What is unique about the uterus during development of a fetus?
the extremely thick muscular wall expands
Where is the uterus located?
It is located in the pelvis lying upon the superior surface of the urinary bladder
What is the fundus of the uterus?
dome shaped portion of the uterus that lies above the opening of the uterine tubes
What is the body of the uterus? Where does it extend to?
- Main mass of the uterus
2. Extends posteriorly to a constriction called the isthmus
What is the isthmus of the uterus?
constricted part of the uterus located between the body and the cervix
What is the cervix of the uterus?
constricted opening from the uterus to the vagina that can be palpated
When is the extent of palpation of the cervix determined?
during childbirth
What is the endometrium?
internal tissue of the uterus
What is the function of the endometrium?
serves as the site for implantation of the ova during pregnancy
What happens if the ova is never fertilized?
Without fertilization, the ova is shed with the endometrial lining during menses
What is the myometrium?
musculature of the uterus
When does the myometrium contract?
during childbirth and menses
How many ligaments hold the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to each other and to the internal pelvic walls?
3
What are the names of the 3 ligaments that hold the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to each other and to the internal pelvic walls?
- Broad Ligament
- Proper ovarian Ligament
- Round Ligament
What does the broad ligament specifically attach?
attaches the uterus to the internal pelvic walls
What does the proper ovarian ligament specifically attach?
anchors the ovary to the uterus
Where does the round ligament course?
courses anteriorly and traverses the inguinal canal
What is another name for the proper ovarian ligament?
Ligament of the ovary
What is the vagina?
female organ involved in sexual intercourse
What does the vagina extend to and from?
from the cervix of the uterus to the vaginal orifice
What is the vaginal orifice?
the external, inferior opening of the vagina
What is the labia minora?
two small folds of skin located at either side of the vestibule of the vagina
What is the labia majora?
two elongated folds of skin that extend posteriorly from the pubis
What is the composition of the labia majora?
The labia majora consist of normal epithelium and are covered with coarse pubic hair
What is the labia majora analogous to?
male scrotum (testes)
When do the labia majora and the scrotum differentiate?
during developmental stages
Where is the mons pubis located?
anterior to the pubic bones
What is the composition and function of the mons pubis?
primarily consists of adipose tissue that provides protection to underlying structures
Where is the clitoris located?
where the two labia minora converge anteriorly
What is the function of the clitoris?
It is an important stimulatory organ during sexual intercourse
What is the clitoris analogous to?
the penis (glans)
What is the composition of the clitoris?
contains erectile tissue which becomes engorged with blood when stimulated
In what order does sperm course through the male reproductive system?
- Testes (scrotum)
- Epididymis
- Ductus (vas) deferens
- Seminal vesicle
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostate gland
- Urethra
- Penis
What is the scrotum analogous to?
labia majora
What function does the scrotum serve?
houses the male gonads (testes) which produce sperm
What are the male gonads?
testes
What shape is the epididymis and where is it located?
C shaped organ located on the posterior-superior surface of each testis
What is the function of the epididymis?
Receives sperm from the testis and stores them until they are released in the process of ejaculation
What is the epididymis connected to?
Ductus (VAS) Deferens
What is the function of the Ductus (VAS) Deferens?
conveys sperm toward the urethra during sexual arousal
What does the Ductus (VAS) Deferens and its associated arteries course within?
The spermatic cord
Where does the spermatic cord course?
ascends through the scrotum toward the inguinal canal
What is the inguinal canal?
oblique passageway through the:
- transversus abdominis
- internal oblique
- external oblique muscles
What is the inguinal canal transversed by in males?
spermatic cord
What is the inguinal canal transversed by in females?
round ligament of the uterus
Where does the vas deferens enter after coursing through the inguinal canal?
pelvic cavity
Once in the pelvic cavity where does the vas deferens course?
nferiorly along the posterior surface of the urinary bladder where it terminates by entering the substance of the prostate gland
How does the vas deferens terminate?
by entering the substance of the prostate gland
What is formed when the vas deferens enters the prostate gland?
Ejaculatory Duct
What are the names of the 3 accessory glands that function in the production of seminal fluid?
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbo-urethral glands
What type of glands are seminal vesicles?
exocrine glands
What type of glands are bulbo-urethral glands?
exocrine glands
Where are seminal vesicles located?
posterior surface of the urinary bladder
What is the function of seminal vesicles?
production of seminal fluid which is added to sperm
What is name of the duct that drains the seminal vesicles?
Duct of the seminal vesicle
What is the function of the prostate gland?
secretes seminal fluid that is added to the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles
Where is the prostate gland located?
in the pelvis posterior to the pubis and below the urinary bladder
What ducts join within the prostate gland? What does this form?
- The two ejaculatory ducts join with the duct draining the urinary bladder
- Urethra
Where are the bulbo-urethral glands located?
on either side of the urethra within the substance of the urogenital diaphragm
What do the bulbo-urethral glands produce?
seminal fluid
Where do the ducts draining the bulbo-urethral glands empty the secretion?
directly into the spongy urethra
What is the penis?
external male genital organ
What does the penis transmit? What does this serve in males?
- Urethra
2. Which serves as the common passageway for both urine and sperm
Where does the urethra end in the male?
External Urethral Orifice (opening at the end of penis)
What is the opening at the distal end of the penis called?
External Urethral Orifice
What is the head of the penis called?
Glans Penis
What is the glans penis analogous to?
clitoris
What does the corpus spongiosum contain and what does it transmit?
- Contains venous sinuses
2. Transmits the spongy urethra
How many corpus spongiosum are there?
1
What does the corpora cavernosa contain and what is its function?
- Venous Sinuses
2. Primary erectile tissues of the penis
How many corpora cavernosa are there?
2
