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BIO 206- Human Anatomy Lab > Exam 4- Respiratory and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Exam 4- Respiratory and Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pharynx extend from?

A

Base of the skull to the esophagus

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2
Q

How does the pharynx narrow?

A

From superior to inferior

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3
Q

How many regions is the pharynx divided into?

A

3

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4
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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5
Q

What is the nasopharynx posterior to?

A

The nasal cavity

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6
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain the opening to?

A

Eustachian Tube (auditory tube)

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7
Q

What is the oropharynx posterior to?

A

The oral cavity

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8
Q

What is the name of the structure that seperates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx? Describe it.

A
  1. Uvula

2. Midsagittal extension of tissue from the soft palate

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9
Q

What is the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx called?

A

Oropharyngeal isthmus

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10
Q

What is another name for the laryngopharynx

A

hypopharynx

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11
Q

What does the laryngopharynx extend from?

A

From the upper border of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx

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12
Q

What is the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

The esophagus

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13
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Superior end of the trachea

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14
Q

What is the larynx made out of?

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

It functions in vocalization, and protects the airway by forming a closure to the trachea during swallowing

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16
Q

What cartilaginous tissues make up the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Cricoid cartilage
  3. Epiglottic cartilage
  4. Arytinoid cartilage***
  5. Corniculate cartilage***

**= not bolded

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17
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage composed of?

A

2 cartilaginous plates called LAMINA which fuse together anteriorly

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18
Q

When the 2 lamina fuse midsagittally what do they form?

A
  1. Laryngeal Prominence (Adams Apple)

2. Superior thyroid notch

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19
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage.

A

circular ring of cartilage (resembles a class ring)

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20
Q

What do the cricoid cartilage form anteriorly? Posteriorly?

A
  1. Flat plate- LAMINA

2. narrow- ARCH

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21
Q

What is the trachea also known as?

A

The windpipe

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22
Q

What is the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage attached to? By what?

A
  1. Trachea (windpipe)

2. Cricotracheal ligament

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23
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

opening and closing the laryngeal cavity upon swallowing

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24
Q

What is the inferior end of the epiglottis known as?

A

Stalk or Petiolus

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25
Q

What does the stalk/petiolus of the epiglottis attach to midsagittaly?

A

Internal surface of the thyroid cartilage

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26
Q

What are the false vocal cords called?

A

Vestibular Folds

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27
Q

What are the true vocal cords called?

A

Ventricular Vocal Folds

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28
Q

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

Protective mechanism by closing the opening of the larynx during swallowing (no role in vocal production)

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29
Q

Where are the ventricular folds located?

A

inferior to the vestibular folds

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30
Q

What is the function of the ventricular folds? How is the accomplished?

A
  1. Vocal Production

2. They are abducted and adducted by the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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31
Q

What is the trachea composed of?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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32
Q

Where does the trachea extend from?

A

Cricoid cartilage of the larynx to its point of bifurcation

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33
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

A

2 primary bronchi

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34
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

15 cm

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35
Q

How many c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings is the trachea composed of?

A

16-20

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36
Q

What is posterior to the trachea?

A

The Esophagus

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37
Q

Where do the 2 primary bronchi enter the lungs?

A

At the hilus

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38
Q

The right primary bronchus is ____, _____, and ______ than the left. It forms a _____ acute angle with the _____.

A
  1. Wider
  2. Shorter
  3. Straighter
  4. Less
  5. Trachea
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39
Q

How long is the right primary bronchus?

A

2.5 cm

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40
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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41
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the right primary bronchi divide into?

A

3 (one for each lobe of the right lung)

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42
Q

The left primary bronchus is _____, and ______ than the right. It forms a _____ acute angle with the _____.

A
  1. Narrower
  2. Longer
  3. More
  4. Trachea
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43
Q

How long is the left primary bronchus?

A

5 cm

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44
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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45
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the left primary bronchi divide into?

A

2 (one for each lobe of the left lung)

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46
Q

What do the secondary bronchi of each bronchi divide into? What do they supply?

A
  1. Tertiary Bronchi

2. Bronchopulmonary segments (specific regions of the lungs)

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47
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

largest distinct areas within the lobes of the lungs

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48
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments separated by?

A

by connective tissue septa that prevent the diffusion of air from one segment to another

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49
Q

What do tertiary bronchi further divide into?

A

Bronchioles

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50
Q

What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchioles are much smaller and more numerous than bronchi

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51
Q

What do terminal bronchioles further divide into?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

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52
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles?

A

Very short tubes composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle

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53
Q

What bud off of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

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54
Q

What does each respiratory bronchiole branch into/how many?

A

2-11 Alveolar Ducts

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55
Q

What branches off alveolar ducts?

A
  1. Alveoli

2. Alveolar sacs (contain 2 or more alveoli)

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56
Q

What is the most conspicuous feature of the alveoli?

A

The presence of numerous capillaries adjacent to them

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57
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A
  1. Alveolar wall

2. Capillary wall

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58
Q

What occurs through the respiratory membrane?

A

Gas exchange

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59
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

Rounded superior end (apex is at the bottom of the heart)

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60
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A
  1. Costal Surface
  2. Diaphragmatic Surface
  3. Medial Surface
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61
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs adjacent to?

A

The thoracic wall:

1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Costal Cartilages
4. Intercostal muscles
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62
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface surface of the lungs adjacent to?

A

Superior surface of the diaphragm

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63
Q

What is the medial surface of the lungs adjacent to?

A

Heart and other thoracic organs, and MEDIASTINUM

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64
Q

What surface of the lungs is the hilus located at?

A

Medial Surface

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65
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity

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66
Q

*** What does the mediastinum contain?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Great vessels
  3. Esophagus
  4. Trachea
  5. Phrenic nerve
  6. Lymph nodes
  7. Thymus
  8. Thoracic duct
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67
Q

What are all structures entering or exiting the hills collectively called?

A

Root of the lung

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68
Q

What structures form the root of the lung?

A
  1. Pulmonary Artery (1)
  2. Pulmonary Veins (2)
  3. Primary Bronchus (1)
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69
Q

How many fissures does the right lung have? What are their names?

A
  1. 2
    1. Horizontal/Transverse Fissure
    2. Oblique Fissure
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70
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the right lung?

A
  1. Superior lobe
  2. Middle Lobe
  3. Inferior Lobe
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71
Q

What does the horizontal fissure divide the right lung into?

A

Superior and Middle Lobes

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72
Q

What does the oblique fissure divide the right lung into?

A

Seperates inferior lobe

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73
Q

How many fissures does the left lung have? What are their names?

A

1 - Oblique Fissure

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74
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the left lung?

A
  1. Superior lobe

2. Inferior Lobe

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75
Q

What is another feature distinct to the left lung? Describe it.

A

Lingula- anterior/inferior projection from the superior lobe

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76
Q

Histologically what is a serous membrane?

A

2 layered membrane:

  1. Inner Mesothelium
  2. Outer Connective tissue layer
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77
Q

What is the pleura membrane subdivided into according to location?

A
  1. Parietal Pleura

2. Visceral Pleura

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78
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover?

A
  • Directly covers the surface of the lungs at all points except the hilus
  • Dips into the fissures that separate the lobes of the lungs
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79
Q

Describe the blood supply to the visceral pleura?

A

Rich blood supply

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80
Q

Describe the nerve fiber supply to the visceral pleura?

A

Very few…. Virtually insensitive to pain

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81
Q

Describe the blood supply to the parietal pleura?

A

Rich blood supply

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82
Q

Describe the nerve fiber supply to the parietal pleura?

A

Rich nerve supply… Very sensitive to pain

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83
Q

What does the parietal pleura line?

A

internal surface of the thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum

84
Q

How many parts can the parietal pleura be subdivided into? Name them.

A

4 Parts:

  1. Cupular Pleura (CUPULA)
  2. Costal Pleura
  3. Diaphragmatic Pleura
  4. Mediastinal Pleura
85
Q

What does the Cupular Pleura (CUPULA) cover?

A

covers the apex of the lung

86
Q

Where is the costal pleura adjacent to?

A

lies adjacent to the ribs

87
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic pleura adjacent to?

A

approximates the diaphragm

88
Q

Where does the mediastinal pleura lie?

A

lies on the medial surface of the lungs

89
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura called?

A

Pleural Cavity

90
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with? Describe its thickness.

A
  1. Thin Film of Fluid

2. Capillary Thickness

91
Q

What type of pressure is the pleural cavity filled with? What is the function of this pressure?

A
  1. State of continuous negative pressure
  2. This negative pressure keeps the visceral pleura (and thus lungs) adjacent to the parietal pleura (and thus thoracic wall and diaphragm)
92
Q

What is the basis of breathing involving the pleural cavity?

A

Any movement in the thoracic wall and diaphragm will be reflected in a corresponding movement of the lung
-(due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity keeping the parietal and visceral pleura adjacent to each other)

93
Q

What happens if the negative pressure of the pleural cavity is lost? (such as with a chest wound)

A

The lungs will collapse because of its inherent elasticity

94
Q

What is pneumothorax? What is the cause of this?

A
  1. “air on the lung”

2. Loss of negative hydrostatic pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura

95
Q

What can internal thoracic bleeding result in?

A

Hemothorax (blood on the lung)

96
Q

What does the diaphragm receive its innervation from? What is this nerve derived from?

A
  1. Phrenic Nerve

2. Cervical Spinal nerves C3,C4, and C5

97
Q

What is the primary muscle involved with respiration?

A

The diaphragm

98
Q

What happens upon contraction of the diaphragm?

A
  1. Elevation of the rib cage
  2. Inhalation/Inspiration
  3. Diaphragm will flatten
99
Q

When the diaphragm elevates the rib cage, what in turn happens?

A

increases the negative hydrostatic pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura…..thus forcing air into the lungs

100
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

Thorax and abdomen

101
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate from?

A
  1. Lower ribs
  2. Vertebrae
  3. Sternum
102
Q

How many openings does the diaphragm present?

103
Q

What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm, and at what level?

A
  1. Caval Opening- T8
  2. Esophageal Hiatus- T10
  3. Aortic Hiatus- T12
104
Q

What does the caval opening present the passageway for?

A

The inferior vena cava

105
Q

What does the esophageal hiatus present the opening for?

A

The esophagus

106
Q

What does the aortic hiatus present the opening for?

A

Descending aorta

107
Q

How are abdominal muscles involved in respiration?

A

They are involved in forced expiration/exhaltion by depressing the rib cage and pushing upward on the diaphragm

108
Q

What abdominal muscles are involved in respiration?

A
  1. Rectus Abdominis
  2. External oblique
  3. Internal oblique
  4. Transverse abdominis
109
Q

How are thoracic wall muscles involved in respiration?

A
  1. Inspiration/Inhalation

2. Expiration/Exhalation

110
Q

What muscles of the thoracic wall are involved in respiration?

A
  1. External Intercostals
  2. Internal Intercostals
  3. Innermost Intercostals
111
Q

What is the digestive system also known as?

A

gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) or alimentary canal

112
Q

How/where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth via secretions from salivary glands

113
Q

What do all salivary glands secrete?

114
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain? What is its function?

A
  1. Salivary Amylase

2. Initiates the breakdown and digestion of starch

115
Q

Name the different salivary glands.

A
  1. Parotid Glands
  2. Submandibular Glands
  3. Sublingual Glands
116
Q

Where are parotid glands located? What are they drained by?

A
  1. Behind the cheek (external to ramus of mandible)

2. Parotid duct (of stensen***)

117
Q

Where are submandibular glands located? What are they drained by?

A
  1. Below the mandible

2. Submandibular duct (Wharton’s duct***)

118
Q

Where are sublingual glands located? What are they drained by?

A
  1. Below the tongue

2. Sublingual ducts (of Bartholin and Rivinus***)

119
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube for the passage of food

120
Q

How long is the esophagus?

121
Q

What are the 3 regional parts of the esophagus?

A
  1. Cervical Region
  2. Thoracic Region
  3. Abdominal Region
122
Q

Where is the cervical region of the esophagus?

A

Neck/Posterior to the trachea

123
Q

Where is the thoracic region of the esophagus?

A
  1. Posterior to the trachea in the upper half of the thorax

2. Posterior to the heart in the lower half

124
Q

Where does the thoracic region of the esophagus end?

A

After it transverses the esophageal hiatus at T10

125
Q

Where does the abdominal region of the esophagus begin? End?

A
  1. After it transverses the esophageal hiatus at T10

2. By joining the stomach at the Gastro-Esophageal junction

126
Q

What is the stomach responsible for?

A

Breakdown of ingested foods

127
Q

Where is the cardiac opening of the stomach located?

A

between the cavity of the esophagus and the cavity of the stomach (at the GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION)

128
Q

What side is the lesser curvature of the stomach on?

A

Right Side

129
Q

Where does the lesser curvature of the stomach extend form?

A

esophagus to the pyloric zone

130
Q

Where is the greater curvature of the stomach located?

A

inferior on the left side of the stomach

131
Q

Where does the greater curvature of the stomach extend form?

A

fundus to the inferior aspect of the pyloric zone

132
Q

Where is the fundus of the stomach located?

A

Above the entrance to the esophagus

133
Q

Where is the body of the stomach located?

A

Between the fundus and pyloric zone (main mass of stomach)

134
Q

Where is the pyloric zone of the stomach located?

A

Distal end of the stomach

135
Q

What is the pyloric zone of the stomach made of?

A

dense smooth muscle

136
Q

What is the muscle surrounding the opening of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine called?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

137
Q

What is contained within the internal surface of the stomach?

A

Gastric folds - Rugae

138
Q

What is the function of Rugae?

A

greatly increases the surface area of the stomach to facilitate digestion

139
Q

What are the digestive enzymes secreted from the internal tissues of the stomach?

A
  1. Pepsin
  2. Gastrin
  3. Intrinsic Factor
140
Q

What is the function of the enzyme pepsin?

A

digestion of proteins

141
Q

What is the function of the enzyme gastrin?

A

stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

142
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic factor?

A

Mediates absorption of vitamin B12

143
Q

What is the greater omentum of the stomach attached to?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

144
Q

What is the composition of the greater omentum?

A

connective tissue embedded with adipose tissue

145
Q

What is the function of the greater omentum?

A

The fat within it can be broken down and used as an energy source for cellular metabolism

146
Q

Name the parts of the small intestine in order.

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum

(DJ-IL)

147
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine?

A

The Duodenum

148
Q

Where does the duodenum extend from?

A

the pyloric sphincter to where it joins the jejunum

149
Q

What shape is the duodenum?

150
Q

What does the duodenum receive duct drainage from?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Pancreas
151
Q

What segments are within the duodenum?

A
  1. Superior part
  2. Descending part
  3. Horizontal Part
  4. Ascending part
152
Q

What part of the small intestine is the jejunum?

A

proximal 2/5ths

153
Q

What part of the small intestine is the ileum?

A

distal 3/5ths

154
Q

What are the digestive enzymes secreted by the small intestine?

A
  1. Enterkokinase
  2. Cholecystokinin
  3. Secretin
155
Q

What is the function of the enzyme enterkokinase?

A

Activates pancreatic enzymes

156
Q

What is the function of the enzyme cholecystokinin?

A
  1. Stimulates gall bladder contraction

2. Stimulates hepatic secretion of bicarbonate

157
Q

What is the function of the enzyme secretin?

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin

158
Q

What is the ileocecal junction?

A

Junction between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

159
Q

Name the parts of the large intestine in order.

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Hepatic Flexure
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Splenic flexure
  6. Descending colon
  7. Sigmoid colon
  8. Rectum
160
Q

What is the opening of the ileocecal junction called? What is it protected by?

A
  1. Ileocecal opening

2. Ileocecal valve (formed by two folds)

161
Q

What extends from the medial aspect of the cecum?

A

Vermiform Appendix (soft tissue appendage)

162
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

163
Q

Where does the large intestine extend from?

A

ileoceal junction junction to the anus

164
Q

What is the small intestine suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by?

A

Mesentery (fatty tissue rich is vascular supply)

165
Q

What is the large intestine suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by?

166
Q

What is there peritoneum?

A

connective tissue which lines the abdominal cavity and its organs

167
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum called? What does each line?

A
  1. Parietal Peritoneum (abdominal wall)

2. Visceral Peritoneum (lines the surface of the organs)

168
Q

What is the space between the peritoneal layers called? What does it contain?

A

Peritoneal Cavity (thin film of fluid)

169
Q

What are the accessory abdominal organs?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Pancreas
  4. Spleen
170
Q

What do the small and large intestine receive their blood supply from?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries respectively

171
Q

What do veins draining the small and large intestine contain?

A

carry blood which is deoxygenated yet, extremely rich in the nutrients absorbed through the intestinal walls

172
Q

What do the mesenteric veins converge to form? Where do they enter? Where?

A
  1. Hepatic portal vein
  2. Liver
  3. Porta Hepatis
173
Q

Within the liver, how are the nutrients absorbed through the intestinal walls processed?

A

the sugars, amino acids and fats absorbed through the intestinal walls are processed into the energy currency needed to drive the body’s metabolism

174
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

175
Q

Is the liver and endocrine or exocrine gland?

176
Q

What does the liver produce?

177
Q

Where and how is bile transferred?

A

Conveyed via the duct system to the duodenum

178
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A
  1. Right Lobe
  2. Left Lobe
  3. Caudate Lobe
  4. Quadrate Lobe
179
Q

What are the two ligaments of the liver?

A
  1. Coronary Ligament

2. Falciform Ligament

180
Q

Where is the coronary ligament of the liver located?

A

superior border of the liver/attaches liver to diaphragm

181
Q

Where is the falciform ligament of the liver located?

A

serrated the left and right lobe/attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

182
Q

What is a distinct feature of the falciform ligament?

A

Contains the obliterated remnant of the umbilical cord

183
Q

Where is gallbladder located?

A

visceral surface of the liver between the right lobe and quadrate lobe

184
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

to store and concentrate bile

185
Q

Upon ingestion of a meal what does the small intestine secrete and what is the function?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin

2. Contraction of the gall bladder in turn releasing bile into the intestine

186
Q

What is bile responsible for?

A

digestion and absorption of:

  1. Fat
  2. Fat soluble vitamins: ADEK
187
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body
  3. Tail
188
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located?

A

located in the concavity of the duodenum

189
Q

Where is the body of the pancreas located?

A

courses from the head toward the left, posterior to the stomach

190
Q

Where is the tail of the pancreas located?

A

Located at the upper left abdominal quadrant and approximates the spleen

191
Q

Is the pancreas and exocrine or endocrine gland?

192
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes that pass via the duct system to the duodenum

193
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produced insulin and glucagon- maintain blood glucose levels

194
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Upper left abdominal quadrant

195
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  1. Breaks down dead and dying RBC

2. Site of maturation of B and T lymphocytes of the immunes system

196
Q

How does the spleen breaks down RBCS?

A

The heme groups from the red blood cells are transported to (and processed in) the liver in the form of bilirubin

197
Q

What is the right half of the liver drained by?

A

Right Hepatic Duct

198
Q

What is the left half of the liver drained by?

A

Left Hepatic Duct

199
Q

What two ducts joint to make the common hepatic duct?

A

Right and Left hepatic duct

200
Q

What is the gall bladder drained by?

A

Cystic Duct

201
Q

What makes the common bile duct?

A

Common hepatic and cystic duct

202
Q

What does the pancreatic duct drain?

A

digestive enzymes of the pancreas

203
Q

What forms the hempatopancreatic ampulla of vater?

A

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

204
Q

What does the hempatopancreatic ampulla of vater open to?

A

into the descending portion of the duodenum

205
Q

Because of the duct system, the combined enzymatic secretions of what accessory organs enter the small intestine to facilitate digestion?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall Bladder
  3. Pancreas

BIO 206- Human Anatomy Lab (6 decks)

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