EXAM 4 Upper Airway Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa results in

A
  • Mucosal vasodilation (erythema)
  • Mucous membrane edema (coryza)
  • Mucous secretion (rhinorrhea)
  • Mucosal tissue proliferation (polyps) with chronic inflammation (non-allergic)
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2
Q

Infectious rhinitis (common cold) caused by ______

A

Infectious rhinitis (common cold) caused by viruses

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3
Q

types of viruses causing infectious rhinitis

A

Adenoviruses, echoviruses, and rhinoviruses

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4
Q

Infection of _____ _____ cells in nasal mucosa (lose ability to clear mucous) results in _______ (swelling, erythema, increased local production of mucus and clear to purulent exudate)

A

Infection of ciliated epithelial cells in nasal mucosa (lose ability to clear mucous) results in inflammation (swelling, erythema, increased local production of mucus and clear to purulent exudate)

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5
Q

Initially the nasal mucosa is _____, edematous, and red; the nasal cavities are ______; and the turbinates are _______

A

Initially the nasal mucosa is thickened, edematous, and red; the nasal cavities are narrowed; and the turbinates are enlarged

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6
Q

enhances the inflammatory reaction and produces mucopurulent exudate, including increased risk for bacterial sinusitis

A

secondary bacterial infection

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7
Q

caused by hypersensitivity (allergy) to allergens

A

allergic rhinitis

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8
Q

Allergic rhinitis affects ~__% of the US population (common)

A

Affects ~20% of the US population (common)

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9
Q

An IgE–mediated immune reaction with early- and late-phase responses (Type I Hypersensitivity)

A

allergic rhinitis

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10
Q

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by marked mucosal edema (“_____”), redness, and mucus secretion, accompanied by a ______ infiltration in which _______ are prominent

A

Characterized by marked mucosal edema (“boggy”), redness, and mucus secretion, accompanied by a leukocytic infiltration in which eosinophils are prominent

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11
Q

focal hyperplastic protrusions of the mucosa

A

nasal polyps

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12
Q

Frequently related to recurrent rhinitis (perennial non-allergic rhinitis, asthma, intolerance of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) / NSAIDs, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia – NOT IgE mediated allergic)

A

nasal polyps

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13
Q

Nasal polyps consist of _______ mucosa having a loose ____ with hyperplastic or cystic mucous glands, infiltrated with _____ and ______

A

Consist of edematous mucosa having a loose stroma with hyperplastic or cystic mucous glands, infiltrated with neutrophils and eosinophils

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14
Q
  • May obstruct the airway and impair sinus drainage

- May be large or small

A

nasal polyps

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15
Q
  • Frequently preceded by acute or chronic viral rhinitis

- Characterized by facial pain, nasal mucopurulent exudate

A

acute bacterial sinusitis

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16
Q

Usually caused by proliferation of oral cavity bacteria in sinuses (often trapped in sinuses by swelling, reducing diameter of sinus ostia)

A

acute bacterial sinusitis

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17
Q

May develop from acute sinusitis when there is interference with exudate drainage (e.g., polyps)

A

chronic bacterial sinusitis

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18
Q

Fungal forms may be very severe (consider immunosuppression)

A

chronic bacterial sinusitis

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19
Q

______ syndrome, caused by defective ____ action, can result in chronic sinusitis (among other problems)

A

Kartagener syndrome, caused by defective ciliary action, can result in chronic sinusitis (among other problems

20
Q

inflammation and discomfort of the upper and posterior pharynx

A

pharyngitis

21
Q

Frequently occurs with upper respiratory infections:

  • Most commonly viral infections (rhinoviruses, echoviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, influenza virus)
  • Bacterial infections (β-hemolytic streptococci or other pathogens)
A

pharyngitis

22
Q
  • (β-hemolytic streptococci or other pathogens)

- More likely to present with tonsillar exudates

A

bacterial pharyngitis

23
Q

signs of pharyngitis

A
  • Acute inflammatory response results in erythema and slight mucosal edema
  • May produce mucopurulent to pseudo-membranous exudates
  • Enlargement of the tonsils and cervical chain lymph nodes
24
Q

enlargement and erythema of the tonsils (exudate may be produced from the tonsillar crypts)

A

tonsillitis

25
Risk of developing ______ abscess if you have tonsillitis
Risk of developing peritonsillar abscess if you have tonsillitis
26
the vocal folds become inflamed (edema, exudate)
laryngitis
27
- Causes include allergic, viral, bacterial, traumatic, or chemical irritation (stomach acid, smoke) - Most infections are self-limited
laryngitis
28
In infancy or childhood, mucosal congestion, exudation, or edema may cause ______ obstruction
In infancy or childhood, mucosal congestion, exudation, or edema may cause laryngeal obstruction
29
caused by respiratory syncitial virus, Haemophilus influenzae, or β-hemolytic streptococci
Laryngoepiglottitis
30
inflammatory narrowing of the airway produces inspiratory stridor (parainfluenza virus)
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
31
develop on the laryngeal folds in response to chemical irritation (e.g., heavy smoking) or chronic strain (e.g., singers nodules)
reactive nodules/polyps
32
Laryngeal folds covered by ______ epithelium, may become keratotic, ______, or even dysplastic, with a core of edematous ______ tissue
Laryngeal folds covered by squamous epithelium, may become keratotic, hyperplastic, or even dysplastic, with a core of edematous connective tissue
33
a few millimeters in size, located usually on the true vocal cords
Smooth, rounded, sessile or pedunculated lesions
34
Singers nodules are _____ lesions and polyps are ______
Singers nodules are bilateral lesions and polyps are unilateral
35
Usually cause progressive hoarseness | Rarely become cancerous
Reactive nodules/polyps
36
Laryngeal squamous papillomas are _____ neoplasms
Laryngeal squamous papillomas are benign neoplasms
37
Usually located on the true vocal cords
Laryngeal squamous papillomas
38
Laryngeal squamous papillomas: Soft, _____-like growths (usually < 1 cm) which may be caused by ____ (6, 11), other viruses
Laryngeal squamous papillomas: Soft, raspberry-like growths (usually < 1 cm) which may be caused by HPV (6, 11), other viruses
39
Central fibrovascular cores and covered by an orderly stratified squamous epithelium, may bleed when ulcerated
Laryngeal squamous papillomas
40
- Usually single, when multiple called papillomatosis, sometimes regress spontaneously - Rarely become cancerous
Laryngeal squamous papillomas
41
range from hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, to invasive carcinoma
laryngeal neoplasms
42
About __% of laryngeal cancers are ______ cell carcinomas
About 95% of laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas
43
- Usually develops directly on the vocal cords, but it may arise above or below - Carcinoma of the larynx manifests itself clinically by persistent hoarseness
SCC
44
Larynx neoplasia: Risk factors include cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, Caucasian and African ancestry, HPV infection
SCC
45
SCC larynx: At presentation, about __% are confined to the larynx
SCC larynx: At presentation, about 60% are confined to the larynx