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General Psychology > Exam 4 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 4 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

force that moves people to behave, think, and feel
Behave = overt action
Think & feel = intangible behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

unlearned biological response
IE: Fight or flight response
Programmed - from our evolution

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3
Q

drive

A

state of arousal that occurs because of a physiological need

programmed: food, water, sex
* a psychological itch that requires scratching

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4
Q

need

A

a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
IE: Need for water - the body responds by making you thirsty

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5
Q

drive reduction theory

A

as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it.

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium - or a state of balance.
*Your best performance tends to come when you are not in homeostasis - but rather, a little “off” - ie, being tired or hungry makes you more aware and alert

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7
Q

arousal

A

a person’s feelings of being alert and engaged

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8
Q

Optimal Arousal theory

A

level of arousal that is optimal for facilitating goal attainment. “Operating in the zone”

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

best performance comes from conditions of moderate arousal rather than low or high arousal.

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10
Q

overlearning

A

automating tasks in order to increase performance

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11
Q

set point

A

the weight maintained when a person makes no effort to gain or lose weight

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12
Q

biology of sex

A

human sex response pattern (masters & johnson) 4 phases - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

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13
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love, esteem, self actualization

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14
Q

self actualization

A

motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being. Only possible when all other needs are met.

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15
Q

self-determination theory

A

Deci & Ryan: 3 basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, autonomy
*We all have the capacity for growth and development in us - ready to emerge in the right context

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16
Q

competence

A

met when we feel we are able to bring about desired outcomes. That we have some sense of control over our lives.

Competence Motivation involves self-efficacy (belief you can accomplish a goal or task)
mastery sense you can gain skills and overcome obstacles

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17
Q

relatedness

A

the need to engage in warm relations with other people. Need for social bonds

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18
Q

autonomy

A

feeling that one’s behavior is self-motivated and emerging from genuine interest.

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19
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation based on internal factors, as well as curiosity, challenge and fun

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20
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

involves external incentives such as rewards and punishers

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21
Q

self-regulation

A

organism fully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.
IE: Marshmallow experiment!

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22
Q

emotion

A

is feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

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23
Q

James - Lange Theory

A

emotion results from physiological reactions. EG: See a bull & you run away. According to this - you’re not scared of the bull, you’re scared because you’re running away.

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24
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

counteracts James -Lange. Emotions & responses occur simultaneously

25
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling determine emotions.
We look tot he external world for an explanation of why we are aroused. We interpret external clues and label the emotion.
EG: when with a happy person, you rate yourself as happy. With someone angry, you are angry.

26
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them
“Fake it till you make it”

27
Q

display rules

A

sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

28
Q

valence

A

the valence of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant.
Positive valence: joy, pleasure, contentment
negative valence: anger, guilt, sadness

Research has shown that emotions tend to go together based on their valence, so if a person is sad - she is also likely to be angry or worried. Happy - likely to also be confident and joyful.

29
Q

arousal level OR activation level

A

degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged, or excited versus passive, disengaged, or calm.

30
Q

broaden and build model

A

Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources.

IE: Google work atmosphere: 20% Rule or TedTalk example of “FED Ex” because you must deliver something over night.

31
Q

personality

A

pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

32
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A

emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious. According to Freud, it’s shaped between the ages of 2 & 5

33
Q

Id - Ego - Superego

A 
Id = an individual's reservoir of sexual energy. Animalistic
Ego = mediator of two other elements of personality
Superego = harsh internal judger of behavior
34
Q

defense mechanisms

A

tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

35
Q

Projection

A

defense mechanism

ego attributes personal shortcomings and faults onto others

36
Q

repression

A

master defense mechanism

ego pushes back unacceptable impulses out of awareness

37
Q

displacement

A

defense mechanism

ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object

38
Q

collective unconcious

A

Jung.
Impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
*experiences of a common past have made a deep, permanent impression on the human mind

39
Q

archetypes

A

emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning for all people.
*predispositions to respond to the environment in particular ways

40
Q

Individual psychology

A

Adler.

people are motivated by purpose and goals - thus, perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life.

41
Q

humanistic perspectives

A

stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.
Humanistic psychologists believe that we all have the abilities to control our own lives and to achieve what we desire

42
Q

Carl Rogers (humanistic approach)

A

believes we are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life. We simply need the right conditions to survive.
Possess a gut feeling that tells us things that are good and/or bad experiences

43
Q

trait theories

A

stresses that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses

44
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A

main dimensions of personality:

  1. neuroticism - emotional instability
  2. agreeableness - related to generosity
  3. openness to experience - tolerance
  4. Conscientiousness -
  5. extraversion - people tend to engage in social activities
45
Q

personology

A

refers to the study of the whole person

46
Q

personological and life story perspectives

A

stress the way to understand a person is to focus on his or her life story, and life history.
*“past actions predict future behaviors”

47
Q

social cognitive perspectives

A

theory that emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

48
Q

self-efficacy

A

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change.
*related to a number of positive developments in peoples lives, including solving problems and becoming more sociable

49
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.
the study of genetics on behavior
Twin studies: genetic factors explain a substantial amount of the observed differences in each of the big five traits

50
Q

self report test / objective test / an inventory

A

a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
*inaccurate because people can lie

51
Q

empirically keyed test

A

a type of self report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are unknown to be different in some central way

52
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self report personality test. Used to assess mental health, as a tool in hiring decisions, and in forensic settings, assessing criminal risk.

53
Q

face validity

A

the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring

54
Q

projective test

A

a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
IE: Inkblot test & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

55
Q

Type A Behavior patterns

A

excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, hostile

56
Q

Type B Behavior patterns

A

relaxed and easy going

57
Q

Type D Behavior patterns

A

associated with negative emotions and being socially inhibited

58
Q

subjective well-being

A

a person’s assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general

General Psychology (4 decks)

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