Exam 4 Terms Flashcards
What types of sediment drains better?
well-sorted
What sediment drains water quickly?
Coarse well-sorted
What sediment drains water slowly?
fine well-sorted
What sediment blocks water flow?
poorly sorted
Which sediments are found in open, wave swept beaches?
coarse
Which sediments are found in protected bays and mudflats?
fine
coarse sediments are found in places with ___ energy, ___ surface area:volume ratio, ___ intertidal spaces
high low larger
coarse sediments have ___ oxygen content, ____ organic content, ____ microbial activity
high low low
fine sediments have ___ energy, ___ surface:volume ratio, ___ intertidal spaces
low high smaller
fin sediments have ___ oxygen content, ___ organic content, ___ microbial community
low high high
sand is ___ turbulent with ___ sediment particles, ____ detritus, and ____ feeders
more larger less suspension
mud is ____ turbulent with ___ sediment particles, ____ detritus, and ____ feeders
less smaller more deposit
rich microbial community in soft bottom habitats
mircobenthos
burrowers and tube building macrobenthos
macrofauna
small macrobenthos that live in between sand grains such as vascular plants
meiofauna
plants where roots contribute to the organic content of sediments though formation of peat
Ex.) Salt marsh grasses and sea grasses
vascular plants
feeding behavior where particles are removed from the water with an external appendage such as in polychaete worms and barnacles
suspension feeding
feeding behavior where particles are removed from the water by pulling a current into the body and passing water through a liter such as in bivalve mollusks or sponges
filter feeding
feeding behavior where organic particles from sediment are removed by passing sediment through the digestive system which can select particle sizes such as those seen in polychaete worms, echinoderms, and sea cucumbers
deposit feeding
dead particulate organic material generated by the decomposition of peat by microbial communities
detritus
tidal flows and river outflows bounded by high walls of peat that become detritus; could have sandy or muddy bottoms
channels
tropical estuaries
mangroves
temperate estuaries
salt marshes
zones that absorb water and storm energy and protect habitats behind them in estuaries
buffer zones
body fluids change with external salinity which is seen in most invertebrates
osmotic conformers
body fluids are independent of external salinity
ex.) fish exchange water and have osmotic loss through urine and gills
osmoregulators
solute exchange where drinking seawater with ions excrete ___ and ___ through gill secretion and __ and ___ in urine
Na+ CL- MG2+ SO42+
most marine species and freshwater species can only tolerate limited ranges of salinity
stenohaline
limited species diversity that can tolerate wide ranges of alinity
euryhaline
type of estuary produced as a result of sea level rise invading river mouths
ex.) Narragansett Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Delaware Bay
coastal plain estuary
estuaries that are behind barrier beaches and limit seawater influx
ex.) Atlantic Coast, Gulf of Mexico
bar bult estuary
type of estuary that cuts in bed rock from glacial action are flooded by seawater with sea level rise. Deepest areas are upstream while shallow sills at their mouths partially block inflow of seawater and lead to stagnation or anoxia at deep depths.
Fjord
estuary with rivers that have broad, poorly defined mouths, heavy loads of sediment are deposited at river mouth
Ex>) Mississippi River Delta
river delta estuary
system where plants are interconnected and consist of broad stands of the same genotype
rhizome system
salt marsh grass closer to the shore is spartina ____ or salt grass and farther from the shore is spartina ____ or pickleweed
alterniflora patens
estuary dominated by shrubby trees capable of establishing roots in anaerobic muds
mangroves
red mangroves with high prop roots and dangling roots are common which are tolerant to the cold
Rhizophora
black mangroves that can tolerate very high salinity and anoxic conditions, known for having pneumatophores
Avicennia
white mangroves
laguncularia
____ is more important than mass in determining the relative importance of the gravitational pull of a body
distance
tide where the sun and moon aline and the tides are higher
spring tide
tide where the moon is at 1st or 3rd quarter causing lower high tides
neap tide
the tides switch between spring and neap tides every ___ days
14
a directional force that may amplify or counteract tidal fluctuations
Coriolis effect
no tidal range in the center of ocean gyres
amphidromic points
Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include lichens and encrusting algae
upper Atlantic
organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ___ include: barnacles, rocked, ascophyllum, mussels
middle Atlantic
organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ___ include Irish moss and alaria (kelp beds)
lower Atlantic
the extreme ____ intertidal of ___ include seaweeds
lower Atlantic
Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include periwinkles, limpets, lichens, and encrusting algae
upper pacific
Organisms in the ___ intertidal of the ____ include barnacles, mussels, seaweeds
middle pacific
organisms in the ____ intertidal of the ____ include seaweeds and surfgrass
lower
___ coasts have both spiral rocked and sea rockweed but no bladder rockweed
exposed
____ coast have spiral and bladder rockweed but not sea rockweed
sheltered
studied competition and tolerance of physical stresses in barnacles to determine donation in the intertidal
Connell
studied pisaste predation on mussels and keystone species where predator pressures limits distribution of preferred prey in low intertidal
paine
studied starfish and snail predation on mussels in the east coast
lunchenco
studied herbivore feeding preferences to determine composition of algal communities in small tide pools
lubchenco
in a pool with lots of Chondrus and some Enteromorpha, the Enteromorpha (preferred food) is grazed by ____ leaving Chondrus
snails
n a pool with lots of Enteromorpha (no snails), the addition of snails results in the grazing down of Enteromorpha (demonstration of effect of herbivore) but no growth of Chondrus (Enteromorpha is competitive _____)
doimnant
few snails and little Irish moss
Enteromorpha
lots of snails and Irish moss
Irish moss pool
experiment where you scrape rock and start process over and observe competitive interactions over time
re-start succession
experiment where you move up in intertidal to test physiological tolerances and move down to test effects of predators, reduction of stresses, etc
transplantations
generally determines density within a population
intreaspecific
generally determines the lower limit, below which the better competitor dominates
interspecific
