Exam 4- Respiratory, Thyroid, Parathyroid Flashcards by Daniel Adamietz

what muscle is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?

cricothyroid

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Which lung has a cardiac notch?

Left lung

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Which lung has a lingula?

Left lung

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Which lung has a horizontal fissure?

Right lung

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Which lung has an oblique fissure?

Both lungs

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Which lung has an esophageal groove?

Both lungs

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Which lung has a groove for the azygous vein?

Right lung

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Which lung has part of the pulmonary ligament?

Both lungs

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Which of the following does not go into the middle nasal meatus?
A. maxillary sinus
b. ethmoidal air cells
c. nasolacrimal duct
d. frontonasal duct

c. nasolacrimal duct

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What is the flow of air from nostrils to alveoli?

Nares
Limen Nasi
Agger Nasi
Choana
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeal Aditus
Rima Vestibuli
Rima Golttidis
Cricoid Cartilage
Trachea
Carina Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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Which cartilage is the largest in the larynx?
Select one:
a. thyroid cartilage
b. arytenoid cartilage
c. cricoid cartilage
d. corniculate cartilage

a. thyroid cartilage

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What muscle abducts the vocal cords?

posterior cricoarytenoid

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Extension of the left superior lobe of the lung. Is homologous to the middle lobe on the right but is not separated.

Lingula of the lung

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The Upper respiratory tract is made up of?

Nose, Nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, & larynx

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the upper respiratory tract ends where?

At the vocal folds

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Lower respiratory tract is made up of?

Larynx (below vocal folds)
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli make up what structure?

The Respiratory/ Tracheobronchial tree

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Connects the root of the nose to the apex

Dorsum Nasi

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Attaches nose to the forehead

Root

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The nasal cavity extends from where to where?

External nares to Choanea

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The posterior nasal aperture, separated by the vomer. It is the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. It is not a structure but a space

Choanea

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Dilation just inside the nostril. contains sweat, sebaceous glands and hairs

Nasal Vestibule

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A vascular network formed by five arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the nasal septum, which refers to the wall separating the right and left sides of the nose

kiesselbach’s plexus

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Marks the transition of epithelial types (keratizized to non-keratinized mucosa) in the nasal fossae

Limen Nasi

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Ethmoid air cells, aka ethmoid sinus, is marked by this point midway between the anterior end of middle concha & dorsum of nose

Agger Nasi

What are the functions of the Conchae?

1. Help air circulate 2. Filter heavy particulates 3. Brings more air in contact with mucosa 4. moisturizes the air, helps dissolve O2 to cross respiratory membrane

How many conchae are there

usually 3, sometimes 4 (supreme conchae in 60% of people)

What nerve is the only one exposed to the external environment and can readily regenerate?

Olfactory nerve

cartilaginous ending to the eustachian tube?

Torus Tubarius

What portion of the lateral nasal wall receives the maxillary sinus, ethmoid air cells, passage of the front sinus, & the frontal nasal wall?

Middle meatus

Receives ostium of nasolacrimal duct and is the reason your nose runs when you cry

inferior meatus

What drains the frontal sinus and is located in the middle nasal concha?

Ostium of frontonasal duct

What are the 4 paired, paranasal sinuses?

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillary

What nerves contribute to the dual innervation of the paranasal sinuses?

CN 7- Motor CN 5- Sensory

Become adenoids when they hypertrophy

Pharyngeal tonsils

Passes through the superior and posterior mediastinae

Trachea

Occurs at approximately the sternal angle (T4/T5)

Tracheal Bifurcation

Name of a modified tracheal rind supporting the bifurcation

Carina

There is no cartilage in the bronchi after reaching the what?

Tertiary bronchi/Bronchopulmonary segment

Name the differences in the R and L bronchi?

R= shorter and wider L= More vertical

Space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura?

Pleural Cavity

Located between hilus & root of lung, represents reflection of mediastinal parietal pleura onto the lungs

Pulmonary Ligament (not actually a ligament, just reflected fascia)

Name of the parietal pleura extending over the apex of lung?

Cupula

Name the medial landmarks of the R lung

Cardiac impression Grooves for- SVC, R BCV, R SCA, Azygos V, esophagus & trachea, and the IVC Hilum & pulmonary ligament

Name the medial landmarks of the L lung

Cardiac impression w/cardiac notch Grooves for- Aortic arch, descending aorta, L SCA, L BCV, Esophagus & Trachea Hilum & pulmonary ligament

Formed by anteroinferior part of superior lobe homologue of middle lobe of R lung

Lingula of left lung

Name the 3 major hiatus in the diaphragm and at what level

T8- Hiatus for IVC & Terminal branch of R Phrenic N T10- Esophageal Hiatus, R & L Vagus N (CN X) T12- Aortic Hiatus, Thoracic duct, Azygos V

Name the 3 muscular portions of the respiratory diaphragm attachment sites

Sternal- Xiphoid process & transversus abdomius Costal- Cartilage & bony surface of ribs 7-12 Lumbar- Arises off spine as L & R crura

The lateral & medial arcuate ligaments are associated with what two muscles?

Lateral- QL Medial- superior portion of Posas Major

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

C3, 4, 5

Parasympathetic presynaptic fibers into the diaphragm come from?

CN X

What can inhibit the bronchodilators and vasoconstrictors of the respiratory system

Postsynaptic Sympathetic fibers

Muscles of quiet breathing?

Diaphragm, internal intercostals, elastic recoil

Active/labored inspiration muscles

Scalenes, SCM, external intercostals Serratus anterior, pec minor, traps, lev scap, latissimus dosi Erector spinare, QL

Expiration muscles

Serratus posterior, abdominal muscle, pyramidalis, lower traps, latissimus dorsi

Layrnx runs between what levels?

C4 to C6

Speech is a combination of what muscles?

Tongue, pharynx, jaw, & facial muscles

What are the 4 major cartilages of the larynx?

Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages (2) Epiglottic cartilage

Largest larynx cartilage?

Thyroid cartilage

The cricoid cartilage is a full circle and marks the beginning of what?

The trachea

2 small points sitting on the cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilages

The arytneoid cartilages has both vocal and muscular processes. Where are they?

Vocal- anterior Muscular- Posterior

What assists with stability & minimal movement during swallowing?

Hyoepiglottic ligament

Name the 2 minor laryngeal cartilages

Corniculate cartilages (atop the arytenoid cartilages) Cuneiform cartilages (upper edge of quadrangular membrane)

Extends from sides of epiglottic cartilage to corniculate and arytenoid carilages

Quadrangular membrane

well-developed sheet which arises from upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage & extends upward and medially. Upper edges of both sheets are thickened to form vocal ligaments

Conus Elasticus

inlet above false vocal folds

Vestibule

Lateral reflection of mucosa from vestibular fold creates a small lateral recess (ventricle of larynx). Inferior leaf of this reflection continues over free edge of the vocal ligament to form?

Vocal Folds (vocal cord)

space forms entrance to larynx. Bounded anteriorly by epiglottis, laterally by aryepiglottic folds, posteriorly by corniculate tubercles

Aditus

cavity between medial surfaces of two quadrangular membranes

Vestibule

space between vestibular folds Reduces in size during anaphylaxis

Rima Vestibuli

space b/w vocal cords

Rima glottidis

from vocal cords to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Subglottic (infraglottic) cavity

O: anterolateral surface of arch of cricoid cartilage. * I: lower aspect of thyroid lamina. * A: pulls thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly toward arch of the cricoid

cricothyroid

O: posterior surface of cricoid lamina * I: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage * A: abducts vocal cord

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Extends transversely between posterior surfaces of arytenoid cartilages- approximates arytenoid cartilages

Transverse arytenoid (arytenoideus)

* O: inner idline surface of thyroid lamina * I: vocal process of arytenoid cartilage; lies against and tightly adherent to conus elasticus * A: adducts and tenses vocal cords (antagonist is cricothyroid m) Tense cords- increase pitch Relax cords- decrease pitch

Vocalis

Motor nerve of the larynx?

Recurrent laryngeal N of Vagus

Sensory nerve of larynx?

Above vocal cords- Internal branch of superior laryngeal N of Vagus Below vocal cords- Recurrent Laryngeal N of Vagus

What does SALFOPSM stand for?

S: Superior thyroid artery A: Ascending pharyngeal artery L: Lingual artery F: Facial artery O: Occipital artery P: Posterior auricular artery S: Superficial temporal artery M: Maxillary artery

Thyroid gland is located at what level?

T3/T4

Role of the Thyroid gland?

Secretes calcitonin, maintains homeostasis, role in metabolism, secretes Vitamin D

Connects lower 1/3 of lateral lobes * Covers 2nd & 3rd tracheal ring

isthmus

Blood supply to the thyroid?

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

What is the second-largest dural reflection, is a crescent-shaped dura fold that extends over the posterior cranial fossa, separating the occipital and temporal cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum and brainstem

Tentorium Cerebelli

The tissue that will become the thyroid gland travels through the thyroglossal duct & settles under the cricoid cartilage & the canal closes becoming the what?

Foramen Cecum

What is fluctuations in hyper and hypothyroidism called?

Hashimoto's disease

Low blood calcium causes a secretion of (Hormone), leading to increased bone resorption through osteoclast activity, & an increase in serum calcium levels. What is that hormone?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

An abnormal level of PTH, high or low can lead to what two conditions and symptoms?

Hypoparathyroidism= Cramping and tetany Hyperparathyroidism= High Ca+ blood serum levels, kidney stones