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Genetics > Exam 4 Quantitative Genetics > Flashcards

Exam 4 Quantitative Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Qualitative trait

A

Only a few distinct phenotypes

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2
Q

Quantitative trait

A

continuously variable over some measure

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3
Q

Polygenic

A

many genes involved

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4
Q

Environment

A

different genotypes perform differently based on their environment

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5
Q

Quantitative traits are variable due to

A

polygenic and environment

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6
Q

Oligogenic

A

multiple genes but not as many as Poly, more than 1 but less than 10

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7
Q

Model

A

some belief in how something behaves

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8
Q

Threshold

A

must be reached before the trait is expressed. Example-diseases

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9
Q

The difference between the inheritance of genes influencing quantitative characteristics and the inheritance of genes influencing discontinuous characteristics is in

A

the number of loci that determine the characteristic

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10
Q

(1/4) to the nth power where n=

A

number of biallelic loci

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11
Q

Mean

A

provides information about the center of distribution
average

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12
Q

Variance

A

indicates the variability of a group of measurements, or how spread out the distribution is

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13
Q

Standard Deviation

A

square root of variance

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14
Q

Covariance

A

how two measurements vary together ranges from negative infinity to infinity

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15
Q

Correlation

A

the strength of association between two measurements. Ranges from -1 to 1

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16
Q

Correlation (does/doesn’t) equal causation

A

DOESN”T

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17
Q

Regression

A

linear relationship between two variables. allows predictions to be made
y=mx+b

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18
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences

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19
Q

Va

A

additive
additive effects of genes on the phenotype, which can be summed to determine the overall affect on the phenotype

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20
Q

Vd

A

Dominance
alleles at a locus are not additive, the affect of an allele depends on the identity of the other allele at the locus

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21
Q

Vi

A

interaction
Epistatic effects (masking)

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22
Q

Ve

A

environment
differences resulting from environmental factors

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23
Q

Vge

A

Gene by environment
effect of gene depends on environment it is found in

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24
Q

How to calculate Vp

A

Va+Vd+Vi+Ve+Vge

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25
Q

How to calculate Vg

A

Va+Vd+Vi

26
Q

Are plants or animals affected more by the environment

A

plants

27
Q

Broad sense heritability

A

H2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance

H2= Vg over Vp

28
Q

Narrow sense heritability

A

h2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic variance. “resemblance between parents and offspring”

h2=Va over Vp

29
Q

Calculating heritability

A
  1. eliminating one or more variance components
  2. comparing the resemblance of parents and offspring
  3. comparing the phenotypic variances of individuals with different degrees of relatedness
  4. measuring the response to selection
30
Q

Response to selection

A

the extent to which a characteristic subjected to selection changes in one generation

31
Q

Selection differential

A

the difference between the mean phenotype of the selected parents and the mean phenotype of the original population

32
Q

Mendelian population

A

is a group of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals that have a common set of genes- the gene pool

33
Q

Genotype frequency

A

number of individuals with that genotype over total number of individuals

34
Q

Allele Frequency

A

Number of copies of the allele over number of copies of all alleles at the locus

35
Q

p+q=

A

1

36
Q

P is assigned to the

A

higher frequency trait

37
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Assumptions
1. diploid
2. sexual reproduction (independent assortment)
3. non-overlapping generations
4. bi-allelic (easily extended to multiple alleles)
5. Equal allele frequencies in male and females
6. Random mating
7. no mutation
8. no migration
9. no natural selection
10. large population (no drift)

38
Q

Predictions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  1. allele frequencies do not change
  2. Genotype frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation with proportions
    p2 (AA) + 2pq (Aa) + q2 (aa)
39
Q

Hardy Weinberg is per

A

locus

40
Q

Implications of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

1.population cannot evolve if it meets the assumptions
2.Genotypic frequencies are determined by the allelic frequencies
3. A single generation of random mating produces the equilibrium frequencies

41
Q

Chi squared formula

A

(observed - expected)squared over expected

42
Q

Positive assortative mating

A

tendency for like individuals to mate

43
Q

Negative assortative mating

A

tendency for unlike individuals to mate

44
Q

Outcrossing

A

preferential mating between unrelated individuals

45
Q

inbreeding

A

preferential mating between unrelated individuals
leads to increased homozygosity
does not change allele frequency

46
Q

Inbreeding coefficient

A

F
a measure of the probability that two alleles are identical by descent
ranges from 0 to 1

47
Q

inbreeding coefficient of 1 means

A

all alleles are identical by descent

48
Q

inbreeding coefficient of 0 means

A

mating is occurring randomly in a large population

49
Q

Mutation

A

ultimate source of variation

50
Q

Migration causes

A

the gene pools of two populations to become more similar
adds genetic variance to populations

51
Q

Genetic Drift is

A

sampling difference that arises when gametes unite to produce progeny

52
Q

the amount of genetic drift can be estimated from the

A

variance in allelic frequency

53
Q

Genetic drift equation

A

pq over 2 N

N=number of individuals in a population

54
Q

Causes of genetic drift

A

all genetic drift arises from sampling
reduced population size
founder effect
bottleneck

55
Q

founder effect

A

establishment of a population by a small number of individuals

56
Q

bottleneck

A

when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size

57
Q

Effects of genetic drift

A

produces change in allelic frequencies within a population
reduce genetic variation within populations
different populations diverge genetically from one another over time

58
Q

Natural selection

A

takes place when individuals with adaptive traits produce a greater number of offspring than do individuals not carrying such traits

59
Q

Effect of natural selection depends on

A

fitness values of the genotypes in the population

60
Q

Fitness (W)

A

defined as thee relative reproductive success of a genotype
ranges from 0 and 1

61
Q

Selection coefficient

A

the relative intensity of selection against a genotype

Genetics (5 decks)

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