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272 Pathophysiology > exam 4 patho > Flashcards

exam 4 patho Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine vs endocrine

A

exo: contains ducts (pancres-amylase/lipase)
endo: ductless-> circulation (insulin/glucagon)

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2
Q

pineal gland

A

info abt light and dark-> melatonin (secreted at night)

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3
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
Anterior: GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin
posterior (storage): oxy, ADH

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4
Q

GH

A

bones/muscles (adrenal/cortical hormone)

height=genes+ GH

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5
Q

ACTH

A

stim sec/synthesis of ACH

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6
Q

FSH

A

males: inc sperm production
females: growth ovarian follicles/ovulation

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7
Q

LH

A

male: stim sec testosterone
female: stim dev corpus luteum, release of oocyte (egg cell), prod estrogen/progesterone

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8
Q

prolactin

A

prepares fem breasts for breast feeding (inc during PG/lact)

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9
Q

Oxytocin

A

stored in post pit
stim contraction of PG uterus, milk, ejection at birth

should place baby immediately on breast-> stim oxy-> helps uterine contraction (protective)

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10
Q

ADH

A

inc water reabsorption

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulated pituitary

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12
Q

pancreas

A

has islets of langerhans

glucagon: alpha cells, inc BG
insulin: B cells, dec BG

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13
Q

thyroid

A

at base of neck, below larynx
contains follicles
secretes calcitonin and T3/4

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

sec from thyroid

dec blood/ca level by bringing ca to bones

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15
Q

T3/4

A

inc metabolic rate. esp necessary for fetal/infant G&D. also, inc responsiveness to catecholamines

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16
Q

PTH

A

inc serum Ca level (balances calcitonin)

17
Q

adrenal

A

in ea kidney. has medulla (epi/nor), and cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, androgen, estrogen

18
Q

EPI/NOR

A

in medulla of adrenal gland. released during stress

19
Q

aldosterone

A

in outer cortex. mineralcorticoid

20
Q

cortisol

A

in middle cortex. glucocorticoid.
fxn: metabolism, regulates BG level, growth, antiinflammatory,
dec effect of stress

21
Q

androgen/estrogen

A

released by innermost adrenal cortex layer
gonadocorticoids
minimal effect. masked by testes/ovaries.

22
Q

SIADH

A

CA: carcinoma/transients SIADH d/t pit surgery/some drugs
pathway: inc ECF, dilution serum Na, inc concentrate urine
S/S: hyponatremia (<115) confusion/lethargy/muscle twitch/seizure/coma/irreversible neuro damage
Tx: democlocycline, hypertonic, diuretics

23
Q

DI

A

opposite of SIADH
neurogenic: ADH is low 2* malfxn post pituitary
nephrogenic: normal ADH, but nephrons don’t respond
-> inc urine
S/S: AMS, insomnia, polydipsia, weight loss, nocturia, inc urine (4-18 l/day)
Tx: desmopressin, pitressin (synthetic ADH)
nephro tx: thiazide, prostaglandin

24
Q

DM definition

chronic inc BG ->

A

disorder of carbs/fat/protein metabolism. inc BG, 2* to inability to produce/utilize insulin
complications: heart dx, renal, PVD, eye probs

25
Q

Diagnostic criteria DM

A 
FBS:
normal <99
Pre: 120-125
Diabetic: >126
HbA1c: over 3 mos
normal <5.7%
pre 5.7-6.5
Diab: >6.5
26
Q

Patho of type 1 DM

A

hyperglycemia-> osmotic fluid loss (intracellular dehydration)-> dolydipsia
glycouria, polyphagia, dec body tissue, kussmauls breathing
pruritis/paresthesia

27
Q

type 2

A

insulin resistance, pancreas ecretes more-> exhaustion
hyperglycemia, pruritus, paresthesia,
acute: HHS hyperglycemic/hyperosmolar syndrome
HHNKS: hyper hyper non keto
profound dehydration

28
Q

Complications of DM

A

hypoglycemia-> brain damage
somogyi effect: nocturnal-> rebound hyperglyc
tx: lower evening dose or bedtime snack
dawn phenom: hyperglyc dt in GH at night
tx: inc insulin in morning

29
Q

longterm affectd DM

A

athero, CAD, poor wound healing, CVA, candidiasis, PAD (DKA above knee, DM below knee), retinopathy, peripheral/autonomic neuropathy

30
Q

GFR rates

A

<15: failure
<60 abnormak
60-90+ normal

31
Q

fxns of kidney

A 
triggers RAAS (hypoxia/low BV)
control BP: raas
RBC prob: erythropoietin
Vit D synth/ca balance
glucose homeostasis (160-190)
32
Q

Renal fxn tests

A 
BUN (7-18) liver and kidney
creatinine: (.6-1.2) only kid.
24 hr urine collection
urinalysis (UTI, dehy, Vit B/C, acetone-DKA, +proteins, ketones, crystals)
intravenous pyelogram
PSA
33
Q

phases of RF

A

initial
oliguric
diuretic
recovery

34
Q

Tx CRF

A 
Iv fluids (gentle rehy for geri/CHF)
Dialysis
COntrol electrolytes (inc phos,dec Ca)
Diet: restrict phos
Anemia (epoitin alfa/blod transfusion)
35
Q

CA uric acid stone

A

gout/myeloproliferation disorderds (leukemia), rapic weight loss
pH urine <5.5

start alkaline ash diet (inc citrus fruits/veg)
avoid: shellfish, anchovies, asp, mushrooms, organ meats

36
Q

CA struvite stone

A

(inc mg/phos/ammonia)
alkaline/ammonia rich urine (inc UTI/neurogenic bladder)

start w/ acid ash diet (inc vit C)

37
Q

CA ca stone

A

inc Ca, hyperparathyroidism, dietary excess

limit foods high in oxaloate: spinach, rhubarb, strawberry, choc, peanuts, tea

272 Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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