Exam 1

Question 1

Plasma membrane: parts purpose

Answer 1

• barrier/protects from injury
• nec for intact cellular layer
• made of phospholipid bilayer

Question 2

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 2

Made of: protein (chon) and cholesterol (fatty acids)

Question 3

Main cell structures x4

Answer 3

• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm (suspends organelles)
• organelles: perform specific functions. ESSENTIAL.
• nucleus: genetic makeup

Question 4

Na/K pump

Answer 4

a) higher Na out of Cell
b) want higher K in cell (or toxic/hyperkalemia)
- moves via active transport (lower -> higher concentration)
- req energy (ATP)

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

solute (cuuute) and solvent equalize

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

solvent from a higher to lower concentration

Question 7

facilitated transport:
def and ex

Answer 7

go through plasma membrane with assistance from a protein (carrier)

ex) glucose carried by insulin.
- –diabetes. cells are starved

Question 8

Pharmacological change of facilitated transport (example/relevance)

Answer 8

glucose can’t get into cell (starved). Causes inc in Na and Ca in cell
-change: take glycosides/digoxin. Na/Ca channel. Na out, Ca in-> more Ca stays in cell, ->inc force of heart contraction

Question 9

All organelles

Answer 9

1. mitochondria
2. Lysosomes
3. ER (S and R)
4. Ribosomes
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Nucleus

Question 10

mitochondria

Answer 10

Produces energy
Has own DNA- so can replicate if need more energy
a) aerobic metabolism normally
b) anaerobic metabolism: hypoxia/low O2, produces lactic acid. Inc fluids to flush out.

Question 11

Lysosomes

Answer 11

• digestive enzymes that degrade foreign substances and cellular wast
• ex) Phagocyttosis: Macrophages (big) and neutrophils have a lot (if can’t kill microorg, will kill self and org by releasing lysosomes)
• (-) of lysosomes
  a) tay sachs (inbreeding)

Question 12

tay sachs disease

Answer 12

genetic disorder caused by Accumulation of gangliosides. Normally cleared by lysosomes. Causes progressive organ destruction (inbreeding)

Question 13

2 types of cells with many lysosomes (and why)

Answer 13

Macrophages/Neutrophils

Question 14

ganglioside

Answer 14

type of lipids

Question 15

Smooth ER

Answer 15

Lipid production

Question 16

RER

Answer 16

protein transport from ribosomes to golgi apparatus, network of tubules.

• stress on ER may be related to generative diseases (cancer/obesity)
• ex) pollutants/chronic stress

Question 17

Ribosomes

Answer 17

site of protein synthesis
Proteins fxn to become part of cells/enzymes/secretions
-they are highly specialized: saliva, beta/alpha cells

Question 18

beta cells

Answer 18

produce insulin

Question 19

alpha cells

Answer 19

produce glucagon

Question 20

golgi apparatus

Answer 20

final check for protein (from ribosomes and RER)

Question 21

nucleus

Answer 21

genetic material. controls structure and fxn of cell. In mitosis makes sure daughter cells are identical

Question 22

etiology

Answer 22

originial cause of alteration/illness
Different etiologic agents creat distinct cellular change.
ie. hep b -> liver
covid -> colds

Question 23

Atrophy

causes x4

Answer 23

less metabolic demand. Cell reverts small.
B/C:
less work,
loss of nerve stim (path),
loss hormonal (menopause/breasts-phys) (ovarian cancer: path),
poor nutrition: path (stunted growth

Question 24

hypertrophy

Answer 24

inc in cell size (physiologic)

• angiogenesis: formation of new BV branches (inc prousion)
• new blood vessels are a mark of physiologic hypertrophy

Question 25

hypertension

Answer 25

hypertrophy of heart. cells get bigger but no angiogenesis (lack nutrients)
-causes ischemia-diminished blood supply)

Question 26

ischemia

Answer 26

diminished blood supply

Question 27

hyperplasia

Answer 27

Inc in number of cells in a tissue. usually hormonal.
ex)
BPH
Pregnancy
Keloids

Question 28

BPH

Answer 28

benign prostatic hyperplasia (can be cancerous). obstructs urine flow. Pathologic

Question 29

keloids:

Answer 29

dermatoligc. overscarring. Pathologic. hyperplasia.

Question 30

Metaplasia

Answer 30

replacement of one cell type with another. pathologic
Usually genetic change bc of chronic inflammation/environmental cdt
ex. GERD

Question 31

GERD

Answer 31

gastro esophageal relux disease. metaplasia
-squamous cells of esoph become columnar.
Body is trying to adapt, but it destroys genetic material in the process.

Question 32

Dysplasia

Answer 32

Pathologic. Disorganized cell growth

Can become cancerous

Question 33

Neoplasia

Answer 33

New growth (pathologic)
can be benign or malignant

Question 34

Dysfunction of Na/K pump

Answer 34

Lack of ATP bc of:

• no O2
• blood clot
• low nutrients/glucose
• no active transport
• impaired osmotic balance
• Na not removed (attracts water->cell death)

Question 35

Types of cellular injury

Answer 35

• dysfxn of Na/K
• protein synth
• intrcellular accum
• genetic damage

Question 36

Intracellular accumulation

Answer 36

Reversible or irr
ex: creatine kinase: cells release this when destroyed
(ie granpa shoveling snow. heartburn. reversible)
-falls. same position. cells die.
-environment: dust/coal miners (irreversible)

Question 37

genetic damage

Answer 37

change in cell structure. most mutations -> death

• immediate cell death (apoptosis)
• no immediate death (cancer)

Question 38

Causes of cellular injury

Answer 38

1. Hypoxic injury
2. Free radical injury
3. Physical Trauma
4. Chem injury (exogenous-bleach, endogenous-glucose)
5. Infectious agents
6. Genetic defects
7. Injurious rxn (allergy/autoimmune)
8. Nutritional imbalances (caloric and nutrients)
   - -common B12/folate def

Question 39

hypoxic cell injury

Answer 39

O2 deprivation. Most common. Blood can’t provide.

-leads to stroke (brain), heart attack

Question 40

free radical injury

Answer 40

molecular imbalance of protons/electrons. (V reactive)

• O2 is unstable and creates instability
• high free radials -> early gains
• oxidative stress: chronic/degenerative disease
• External Free radicals: pollution/cigs/radiation
• Vitamins: A/C/E/Beta Keratin

Question 41

oxidative stress

Answer 41

chronic and degenerative disease from free radicals

-imbalance btw antioxidants and ox generators