exam 4 part 3 Flashcards
multiple factor hypothesis
multiple genes contributing to single phenotype
when standard deviation is small =
everyone next to average (small range)
knowing the variance can tell you
the width of the curve
phenotype =
genotype + environment
genotype =
additive and dominance effects
broad sense heritibility
H2 = VG / VP
narrow sense heritability
h2 = VA / VP
if heritability = 1
all VP due to genetic variation
if heritability = 0
all VP is due to environmental variation
heritability is based on
population not an individual
steps to a PCR
- heat and denature (separate)
- cool and add primer
- synthesize
in electrophoresis, DNA loaded at — pole
negative
limitations to PCR
- must know about sequence surrounding the gene
- easily contaminated
- polymerase doesn’t proofread and correct
- fragments amplified are small
types of repeats used in DNA fingerprinting are
- STR
- VNTR
- microsatellite regions
allele in identification is based on
the length of the DNA segment
loci used for paternity/forensic purposes must be
polymorphic
CODIS
uses 20 polymorphic regions for forensic identification
recombinant DNA
creating new DNA molecules by combining DNA from different sources
restriction enzyme
endonuclease that recognizes a specific DNA sequence and cleaves dsDNA at that sequence
origin of replication
allows it (cloning vectors) to replicate in the host cell
selectable/insertional markers
allow cells containing the vector and the recombinant molecule to be identified
multiple cloning sites
has restriction enzyme cut sites that can be used in producing a recombinant DNA molecule
ligation experiment
conducted to join foreign DNA to vector
transformation experiment
conducted to allow cells to take up products from a ligation experiment
identification of different cell types
- cells with no uptake
- cells that took up original vector
- cells that took up the recombinant plasmid
reverse transcriptase
a primer that binds to poly A tail and uses mRNA as a template to make cDNA
Ti plasmid was used for
to insert DNA into a plant instead of the tumor it usually puts in
what do expression vectors require
sequences required for transcription and translation of the gene
southern blot
DNA fragments separated based on length
northern blot
RNA fragments separated based on length
probe
single stranded DNA that is a sequence we are interested in
steps to a southern blot
- single stranded DNA from a gel transferred to a nylon membrane using capillary action
- nylon membrane incubated with labeled probe DNA
- probe binds to complimentary DNA fragments on the nylon
a probe will bind if …
DNA is present
what is blocked to make the pink pineapple
lycopene
forward genetics
start with a mutant phenotype and seek out the gene that causes it
reverse genetics
start with a DNA sequence, alter its function or prevent its expression, see what happens to phenotype
