Exam 3 part 3

Question 1

histone methylation

Answer 1

can activate or repress expression of a gene (usually repressing by silencing)
- results in decreased transcription of DNA

Question 2

histone acetylation

Answer 2

enzyme: HAT
- loosens DNA by neutralizing positive charge

Question 3

histone deacetylation

Answer 3

enzyme: HDAC
- tightens association between histone and DNA

Question 4

phenotype is caused by a change in

Answer 4

epigenetics NOT genotype

Question 5

DNA binding domains are —– specific

Answer 5

sequence

Question 6

one gene can have many

Answer 6

transcription factors binding sites

Question 7

different transcription factors found in

Answer 7

different cell types

Question 8

transcription factors can act over

Answer 8

long distances

Question 9

insulators

Answer 9

cis DNA elements that block transcription factors from interacting with the wrong gene

Question 10

factors that can alter trascription

Answer 10

• environmental factors
• hormones

Question 11

transcription factors can:

Answer 11

• interact with other proteins
• be modified
• be localized
• be degraded

Question 12

RNAi

Answer 12

shuts off gene expression using double stranded RNAs

Question 13

siRNA

Answer 13

degrading mRNA

Question 14

miRNA

Answer 14

inhibits translation

Question 15

humoral immunity

Answer 15

antibodies produced by B cells

Question 16

cellular immunity

Answer 16

action of T cell receptors

Question 17

development

Answer 17

• regulated growth resulting from interaction of genome
• programmed sequence of events
• not reversible

Question 18

differentiation

Answer 18

• aspect of development
• forming different types of cells, organs, etc. through specific regulation of gene expression

Question 19

cloning shows

Answer 19

adult differentiated cells retain a complete set of genetic information

Question 20

maternal genes

Answer 20

• establish anterior/posterior polarity and dorsal/ventral
• transcribed during egg development
• translated after fertilization

Question 21

segmentation genes

Answer 21

affect number and polarity of segments

Question 22

homeotic genes

Answer 22

determine the identity of each segment

Question 23

bicoid

Answer 23

anterior end

Question 24

nanos

Answer 24

posterior end

Question 25

bicoid --- hunchback

Answer 25

stimulates

Question 26

nanos --- hunchback

Answer 26

inhibits

Question 27

gap genes

Answer 27

divide embryo into broad segments

Question 28

pair-rule genes

Answer 28

affect same part of the pattern in every other segment

Question 29

segment polarity genes

Answer 29

affect anterior and posterior polarity of each segment

Question 30

genes in order from

Answer 30

anterior to posterior

Question 31

bithorax complex

Answer 31

posterior thorax and abdomen (3 genes)

Question 32

proteins containing the homeodomain are

Answer 32

DNA binding proteins

Question 33

homeodomain is thought to regulate

Answer 33

transcription

Question 34

apoptosis

Answer 34

cell death (Important in development)

Question 35

aneuploidy

Answer 35

change in the number of individual chromosomes

Question 36

monosomic

Answer 36

2n-1

Question 37

nullisomic

Answer 37

2n-2

Question 38

double monosomic

Answer 38

2n-1-1

Question 39

trisomic

Answer 39

2n+1

Question 40

tetrasomic

Answer 40

2n+2

Question 41

double trisomic

Answer 41

2n+1+1

Question 42

haploid

Answer 42

one of every chromosome

Question 43

diploid

Answer 43

2 of every chromosome

Question 44

triploid

Answer 44

3 of every chromosome

Question 45

tetraploid

Answer 45

4 of every chromosome

Question 46

autoploidy

Answer 46

extra sets of chromosomes are identical to normal

Question 47

alloploidy

Answer 47

combination of sets of chromosomes from different species

Question 48

nondisjunction in anaphase in mitosis results in

Answer 48

double of everything (chromosomes)

Question 49

nondisjunction in meiosis

Answer 49

can result in gametes with extra sets of chromosomes (triploid is usually sterile)