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MADI B > EXAM 4 OVERVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM 4 OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A

-self-feeding
-use carbon from simple substances to make organic compounds
-usually photosynthetic but can be chemotrophs
-Algae, plants, some prokaryotes

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

-other-feeding
-use carbon from other organic sources to make organic compounds
-gets energy from organic compounds
-animals, fungi, some prokaryotes, and protists

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3
Q

What part of the plant does photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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4
Q

shoot system of the plant

A

made up of stem, leaves, and reproductive organs

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5
Q

root system of the plant

A

typically everything underground, made up of roots

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6
Q

cuticle of the leaf

A

waxy protective layer
prevents water loss

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7
Q

epidermis of the leaf

A

cells that make the cuticle
protect the plant, similar to skin

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8
Q

stoma or stomata of the leaf

A

hold to allow air in and out
contains guard cells

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9
Q

mesophyll of the leaf

A

middle of the leaf
purpose is to do photosynthesis

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10
Q

palisade mesophyll of the leaf

A

long tightly packed cells

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11
Q

spongy mesophyll of the leaf

A

larger region less densely packed and does less photosynthesis

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12
Q

vascular tissue of the leaf

A

xylem and phloem running through
stem and root
usually non-photosynthetic
specialize in transport

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13
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis

A

sunlight, water, air (CO2)

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14
Q

Plants lose several 100 water molecules for each CO2 molecule that is fixed by photosynthesis because

A

the concentration gradient is many times larger for water than CO2

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15
Q

How does the leaf regulate water loss

A

Guard cells within the stomata regulate water loss. Plants use these to open/close the stomata
-use pumps going into cell
-use channels
-swell and deflate like water wings (turgid and limp)

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16
Q

What happens when the stomata is open

A

the stomata opens to do photosynthesis

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17
Q

What happens when the stomata is closed

A

The stomata closes to conserve water

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18
Q

Where does the dry weight of the plant come from

A

air

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19
Q

what happens in photosynthesis

A

air + water + energy yields sugar + oxygen

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20
Q

what are the two parts of photosynthesis

A

light reactions and the calvin cycle

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21
Q

what is the input of light reactions

A

sunlight, NADP+, ADP, H2O

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22
Q

what is the output of light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

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23
Q

light reactions consists of two interconnected systems; what do they do

A

one makes ATP and the other makes NADPH which are used to make carbs/sugars in calvin cycle

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24
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane

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25
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

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26
Q

what happens overall in the calvin cycle

A

3 step process: fixation, reduction, regeneration
takes in CO2 and makes sugars

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27
Q

what occurs in the fixation step of the calvin cycle

A

add CO2 to carbon molecule and fixes carbon with RuBisCO, results in 2 3 carbon molecules, then CO2 goes to organic molecule 3PGA

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28
Q

what occurs in the reduction stage of the calvin cycle

A

3PGA is reduced to G3P
-uses ATP and NADPH
-remove 1 G3P: G3P is main output of calvin cycle

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29
Q

Regeneration

A

remaining 5 G3P is used to regenerate RuBP
this needs more ATP and allows the cycle to start over

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30
Q

sugar synthesis

A

G3P from Calvin Cycle (3 carbon building block for sugars)
requires NADPH, ATP
occurs in the cytoplasm
sucrose and other molecules made from these

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31
Q

what are the thylakoids in the chloroplast

A

flattened sacs

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32
Q

what are the granum in the chloroplast

A

stack of thylakoid

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33
Q

what is the stroma within the chloroplast

A

liquid matrix

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34
Q

Chlorophyll reflects….. and absorbs….

A

chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue wavelengths

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35
Q

antenna complex

A

where the chloroplasts are grouped!
- electron excited by light energy
- energy transferred from chlorophyll to chlorophyll ending up at reaction center
-reaction center donates an electron to start an ETC
- overall, it absorbs light and transfers energy to electrons

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36
Q

reaction center

A

specialized chlorophyll that loses its electrons

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37
Q

photolysis of water (light reactions)

A

splitting water
-reaction center chlorophyll left without an electron
-steals an electron from water (oxygen evolving complex)
- water left without an electron (oxidized, water split into H+ ions plus O-, O- combines with another O- to make O2)
- O2 given off as waste gas and build up of hydrogens on the inside of the thylakoid membrane
moves electrons on to PS2

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38
Q

photosystem 2 (light reactions)

A

MAKES ATP & makes the H+ gradient
-ETC similar to ETC
- Makes H+ from H2O
- H+ is pumped from stroma to thylakoid lumen
- ATP synthase used H+ gradient to make ATP

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39
Q

Photosystem 1 (light reactions)

A

MAKES NADPH

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40
Q

what does a z-scheme show

A

drawing of the energy of the electrons
x-axis: proteins
y-axis: energy of electron
actually looks like an N

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41
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

NORMAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Grabs CO2 from the spongy mesophyll for the Calvin cycle

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42
Q

Photorespiration

A

BAD ROUTE
RuBisCO takes O2 instead of CO2 so RuBP has to be regenerated
Happens more when stomata are closed (more O2)
Requires ATP to try again meaning energy intensive so its bad for the plants

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43
Q

C4 fixation

A

Way to get around photorespiration
Separates the fixation from rest of photosystem by SPACE AND ANATOMY; HOT CONDITIONS
- Bundle sheath cells surrounding the vascular tissue
- CO2 captured by PEP carboxylase to form 4 C molecules

44
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

Way to get around photorespiration
Separates fixation by TIME
BEST FOR PREVENTING EXCESS WATER LOSS; DRY CONDITIONS
-Night: stomata open, loses water, gains CO2, stores CO2 as a C4 acid in vacuoles
- Day: stomata closed, release CO2 to calvin cycle

45
Q

Zombie Plants

A

Cut off roots and put into poison
- Plant dies but anatomy stays intact
- When roots are put into the water, they continue to draw up water for days

46
Q

anatomy of the stem

A

-epidermis: cover and protect
-Ground tissue: support
-Vascular Tissue:
*diff arrangements of vascular tissue in diff lineages but always together
-Holds xylem and phloem

47
Q

xylem

A

transport water and minerals
dead at maturity
energy comes from the sun
the source of energy that drives bulk flow comes from leaves
pressure= drinking straw
hollow inside
tracheids, vessel elements

48
Q

phloem

A

transport sugar, proteins, hormones
pressure is like a garden hose
sieve tube elements
companion cells

49
Q

Cohesion and tension

A

Water is polar

50
Q

Cohesion Tension Theory

A
  1. Water evaporates from inside the mesophyll and creates pull from surface tension
  2. Cohesion pulls water up xylem in stem
  3. Negative water potential (osmotic pressure and pulling of water) draws water in from roots
51
Q

Where is the pressure the lowest

A

in the atmosphere

52
Q

Where is the pressure highest

A

roots

53
Q

what is the driving force for moving water

A

transpiration of water aka evaporation from the leaves

54
Q

what connects the water molecules to each other

A

hydrogen bonding aka cohesion

55
Q

Reduced transport of water in plants

A
  • Fewer stomata open in leaf
  • Cool, humid weather
  • High salt in soil creates low osmotic pressure in soil
56
Q

Increase transport of water in plants

A
  • More stomata open in leaf
  • Hot, dry weather
57
Q

cavitation

A

Too much negative pressure
-air comes out of solution
-also happens in freezing weather
Solutions:
-small diameter pipes
-small pores at the end of tracheids

58
Q

Lignin

A

provides support for the cell walls in xylem and gives plants woody structures

59
Q

sources

A
  • where sucrose is put into transport
  • made by photosynthesis (leaves)
  • taken out of storage (starch to sucrose)
60
Q

sinks

A
  • where sucrose is taken out of transport
  • used by mitochondria to make ATP
  • put into storage (starch or storage vacuoles)
  • converted into plant structure
61
Q

examples of sources

A

leaves doing photosynthesis and storage roots during the early spring when they release food for growing leaves

62
Q

examples of sinks

A

growing roots and flowers (they use more energy than they produce)

63
Q

translocation

A

-Movement of sucrose from one location to another through phloem
-From source to sink
*Phloem loading
*Phloem unloading
-Explanation: pressure-flow hypothesis

64
Q

phloem loading

A
  • leaf cells produce lots of sucrose
    *excess flows into phloem
    *diffusion through plasmodesmata
  • sucrose can also be actively transported into phloem by proton pumps and H+/sucrose symporters
65
Q

Phloem unloading

A

-facilitated diffusion to growing cells (convert sucrose to structure of energy)
-active transport to storage (move against concentration gradient)

66
Q

functions of roots

A

absorb nutrients and water, anchor plant in soil, storage of macromolecules

67
Q

rhizosphere

A

bacteria and fungi within soil around the root
- Plants secrete signals to promote growth of microorganisms around root

68
Q

mycorrhizae

A

partially inside the root
FUNGI
GREATLY INCREASES SA
MOST PLANTS DO THIS
-plants and fungi team up: the plants do photosynthesis and provide sugars to fungi; the fungi absorb nutrients from soil and give some soil
-symbiosis: plants provide sugars to mycorrhizae
-loss of mycorrhizae reduces nutrient uptake by plants
- hyphae spread out in plant and absorb nutrients

69
Q

exterior anatomy of the roots

A

Absorption of nutrients
*Root Hairs:
-cover surface of roots
-small projections of cells
-greatly increase surface area
*Epidermis
-protective skin
-no cuticle
-form root hairs

70
Q

interior anatomy of the roots

A

Vascular Tissue (majority of the space)
-Xylem (water and minerals)
-Phloem (tissue for hormones, sugars, etc.)
Endodermis (wall around X&P)
-inner protection around vascular tissue
-keeps bad stuff out
-creates casparian strip: an impermeable barrier between cells
Pericycle: stem cells that can produce lateral roots
-just inside the endodermis

71
Q

macronutrients

A

-used in high concentrations in plants
*lower concentrations in soil
-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

72
Q

micronutrients

A

-used in lower concentrations in plants
*boron, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc

73
Q

limiting factor

A

whats limiting heavy growth

74
Q

rhizobia

A

bacteria that live in the roots
FIX NITROGEN
forms nodules
few plants do this
legumes
symbiosis

75
Q

nutrient import

A

active process rather than absorption

76
Q

symplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell

77
Q

apoplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell walls and cant get through the endodermis without entering the cell (this prevents toxins from entering)

77
Q

apoplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell walls and cant get through the endodermis without entering the cell (this prevents toxins from entering)

78
Q

pollen

A

sperm producing gametophyte
*multicellular haploid structure that produces sperm
*can travel in dry air
*doesnt need flagella to swim in water
-pollen does not make sperm it just contains them

79
Q

ovule

A

egg producing gametophyte
*multicellular haploid structure that makes eggs then becomes nutrient source for embryo
*larger than pollen and fixes to plant inside modified leaves (cone or flower)

80
Q

spores

A

seedless plants with single-cell reproduction

81
Q

microspore

A

pollen/male part

82
Q

megaspore

A

ovule/female part

83
Q

seeds

A

post-fertilization embryo
embryo packed in casing with food

84
Q

common features of seed plants

A

*sporophyte dominant
*gametophyte is tiny and dependent
*seeds
*dry fertilization

85
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed plant
cones are main reproductive structures
naked seeds

86
Q

angiosperms

A

seed plant
flowers
seeds in fruit
*pollen producing structures (anther)
*ovaries enclosing the ovule
*ovaries mature into fruit

87
Q

botanical fruit

A

culinary fruit
*sweet, juicy part of plant
culinary vegetable
*savory parts of plant
botanical fruit
*swollen ovary surrounding seeds

88
Q

Which part of photosynthesis directly used ATP

A

rearranging molecules to form RuBP

89
Q

the transfer of sunlight energy to electrons is accomplished by

A

chlorophyll

90
Q

sucrose loading

A

generate the pushing force that creates the flow through sieve elements in the phloem

91
Q

the tension in cohesion-tension theory refers to

A

the pulling force creates at the surface of a film of water

92
Q

water exits the leaf through

A

transpiration

93
Q

transpiration pulls water up through the xylem by

A

cohesion

94
Q

sugar leaves the phloem by

A

diffusion

95
Q

how do proton pumps impact potassium uptake

A

they decrease the positive charge within the cell to attract potassium ions

96
Q

what do ferns require for fertilization

A

water

97
Q

sweet fruits with many seeds help by

A

spreading seeds over a long distance

98
Q

all seed plants also have

A

xylem and phloem

99
Q

what anatomy do angiosperms have that gymnosperms do not

A

ovaries

100
Q

gametes (n) go through fertilization and produce

A

a zygote (2n)

101
Q

zygote (2n) goes through mitosis and produces

A

a sporophyte (2n, multicellular, diploid)

102
Q

a sporophyte goes through meiosis and produces

A

spores (n)

103
Q

spores go through mitosis and produce

A

gametophyte (n, multicellular, haploid)

104
Q

gametophytes (n, multicellular, haploid) go through mitosis and produce

A

gametes (n)

MADI B (6 decks)

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