Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MADI B > EXAM 4 OVERVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM 4 OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A

-self-feeding
-use carbon from simple substances to make organic compounds
-usually photosynthetic but can be chemotrophs
-Algae, plants, some prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

-other-feeding
-use carbon from other organic sources to make organic compounds
-gets energy from organic compounds
-animals, fungi, some prokaryotes, and protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What part of the plant does photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

shoot system of the plant

A

made up of stem, leaves, and reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

root system of the plant

A

typically everything underground, made up of roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cuticle of the leaf

A

waxy protective layer
prevents water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epidermis of the leaf

A

cells that make the cuticle
protect the plant, similar to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stoma or stomata of the leaf

A

hold to allow air in and out
contains guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mesophyll of the leaf

A

middle of the leaf
purpose is to do photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

palisade mesophyll of the leaf

A

long tightly packed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spongy mesophyll of the leaf

A

larger region less densely packed and does less photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vascular tissue of the leaf

A

xylem and phloem running through
stem and root
usually non-photosynthetic
specialize in transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis

A

sunlight, water, air (CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plants lose several 100 water molecules for each CO2 molecule that is fixed by photosynthesis because

A

the concentration gradient is many times larger for water than CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the leaf regulate water loss

A

Guard cells within the stomata regulate water loss. Plants use these to open/close the stomata
-use pumps going into cell
-use channels
-swell and deflate like water wings (turgid and limp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when the stomata is open

A

the stomata opens to do photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the stomata is closed

A

The stomata closes to conserve water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the dry weight of the plant come from

A

air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens in photosynthesis

A

air + water + energy yields sugar + oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two parts of photosynthesis

A

light reactions and the calvin cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the input of light reactions

A

sunlight, NADP+, ADP, H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the output of light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

light reactions consists of two interconnected systems; what do they do

A

one makes ATP and the other makes NADPH which are used to make carbs/sugars in calvin cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens overall in the calvin cycle

A

3 step process: fixation, reduction, regeneration
takes in CO2 and makes sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what occurs in the fixation step of the calvin cycle

A

add CO2 to carbon molecule and fixes carbon with RuBisCO, results in 2 3 carbon molecules, then CO2 goes to organic molecule 3PGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what occurs in the reduction stage of the calvin cycle

A

3PGA is reduced to G3P
-uses ATP and NADPH
-remove 1 G3P: G3P is main output of calvin cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Regeneration

A

remaining 5 G3P is used to regenerate RuBP
this needs more ATP and allows the cycle to start over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sugar synthesis

A

G3P from Calvin Cycle (3 carbon building block for sugars)
requires NADPH, ATP
occurs in the cytoplasm
sucrose and other molecules made from these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the thylakoids in the chloroplast

A

flattened sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the granum in the chloroplast

A

stack of thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the stroma within the chloroplast

A

liquid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Chlorophyll reflects….. and absorbs….

A

chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

antenna complex

A

where the chloroplasts are grouped!
- electron excited by light energy
- energy transferred from chlorophyll to chlorophyll ending up at reaction center
-reaction center donates an electron to start an ETC
- overall, it absorbs light and transfers energy to electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

reaction center

A

specialized chlorophyll that loses its electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

photolysis of water (light reactions)

A

splitting water
-reaction center chlorophyll left without an electron
-steals an electron from water (oxygen evolving complex)
- water left without an electron (oxidized, water split into H+ ions plus O-, O- combines with another O- to make O2)
- O2 given off as waste gas and build up of hydrogens on the inside of the thylakoid membrane
moves electrons on to PS2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

photosystem 2 (light reactions)

A

MAKES ATP & makes the H+ gradient
-ETC similar to ETC
- Makes H+ from H2O
- H+ is pumped from stroma to thylakoid lumen
- ATP synthase used H+ gradient to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Photosystem 1 (light reactions)

A

MAKES NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does a z-scheme show

A

drawing of the energy of the electrons
x-axis: proteins
y-axis: energy of electron
actually looks like an N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

NORMAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Grabs CO2 from the spongy mesophyll for the Calvin cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Photorespiration

A

BAD ROUTE
RuBisCO takes O2 instead of CO2 so RuBP has to be regenerated
Happens more when stomata are closed (more O2)
Requires ATP to try again meaning energy intensive so its bad for the plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

C4 fixation

A

Way to get around photorespiration
Separates the fixation from rest of photosystem by SPACE AND ANATOMY; HOT CONDITIONS
- Bundle sheath cells surrounding the vascular tissue
- CO2 captured by PEP carboxylase to form 4 C molecules

44
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

Way to get around photorespiration
Separates fixation by TIME
BEST FOR PREVENTING EXCESS WATER LOSS; DRY CONDITIONS
-Night: stomata open, loses water, gains CO2, stores CO2 as a C4 acid in vacuoles
- Day: stomata closed, release CO2 to calvin cycle

45
Q

Zombie Plants

A

Cut off roots and put into poison
- Plant dies but anatomy stays intact
- When roots are put into the water, they continue to draw up water for days

46
Q

anatomy of the stem

A

-epidermis: cover and protect
-Ground tissue: support
-Vascular Tissue:
*diff arrangements of vascular tissue in diff lineages but always together
-Holds xylem and phloem

47
Q

xylem

A

transport water and minerals
dead at maturity
energy comes from the sun
the source of energy that drives bulk flow comes from leaves
pressure= drinking straw
hollow inside
tracheids, vessel elements

48
Q

phloem

A

transport sugar, proteins, hormones
pressure is like a garden hose
sieve tube elements
companion cells

49
Q

Cohesion and tension

A

Water is polar

50
Q

Cohesion Tension Theory

A
  1. Water evaporates from inside the mesophyll and creates pull from surface tension
  2. Cohesion pulls water up xylem in stem
  3. Negative water potential (osmotic pressure and pulling of water) draws water in from roots
51
Q

Where is the pressure the lowest

A

in the atmosphere

52
Q

Where is the pressure highest

A

roots

53
Q

what is the driving force for moving water

A

transpiration of water aka evaporation from the leaves

54
Q

what connects the water molecules to each other

A

hydrogen bonding aka cohesion

55
Q

Reduced transport of water in plants

A
  • Fewer stomata open in leaf
  • Cool, humid weather
  • High salt in soil creates low osmotic pressure in soil
56
Q

Increase transport of water in plants

A
  • More stomata open in leaf
  • Hot, dry weather
57
Q

cavitation

A

Too much negative pressure
-air comes out of solution
-also happens in freezing weather
Solutions:
-small diameter pipes
-small pores at the end of tracheids

58
Q

Lignin

A

provides support for the cell walls in xylem and gives plants woody structures

59
Q

sources

A
  • where sucrose is put into transport
  • made by photosynthesis (leaves)
  • taken out of storage (starch to sucrose)
60
Q

sinks

A
  • where sucrose is taken out of transport
  • used by mitochondria to make ATP
  • put into storage (starch or storage vacuoles)
  • converted into plant structure
61
Q

examples of sources

A

leaves doing photosynthesis and storage roots during the early spring when they release food for growing leaves

62
Q

examples of sinks

A

growing roots and flowers (they use more energy than they produce)

63
Q

translocation

A

-Movement of sucrose from one location to another through phloem
-From source to sink
*Phloem loading
*Phloem unloading
-Explanation: pressure-flow hypothesis

64
Q

phloem loading

A
  • leaf cells produce lots of sucrose
    *excess flows into phloem
    *diffusion through plasmodesmata
  • sucrose can also be actively transported into phloem by proton pumps and H+/sucrose symporters
65
Q

Phloem unloading

A

-facilitated diffusion to growing cells (convert sucrose to structure of energy)
-active transport to storage (move against concentration gradient)

66
Q

functions of roots

A

absorb nutrients and water, anchor plant in soil, storage of macromolecules

67
Q

rhizosphere

A

bacteria and fungi within soil around the root
- Plants secrete signals to promote growth of microorganisms around root

68
Q

mycorrhizae

A

partially inside the root
FUNGI
GREATLY INCREASES SA
MOST PLANTS DO THIS
-plants and fungi team up: the plants do photosynthesis and provide sugars to fungi; the fungi absorb nutrients from soil and give some soil
-symbiosis: plants provide sugars to mycorrhizae
-loss of mycorrhizae reduces nutrient uptake by plants
- hyphae spread out in plant and absorb nutrients

69
Q

exterior anatomy of the roots

A

Absorption of nutrients
*Root Hairs:
-cover surface of roots
-small projections of cells
-greatly increase surface area
*Epidermis
-protective skin
-no cuticle
-form root hairs

70
Q

interior anatomy of the roots

A

Vascular Tissue (majority of the space)
-Xylem (water and minerals)
-Phloem (tissue for hormones, sugars, etc.)
Endodermis (wall around X&P)
-inner protection around vascular tissue
-keeps bad stuff out
-creates casparian strip: an impermeable barrier between cells
Pericycle: stem cells that can produce lateral roots
-just inside the endodermis

71
Q

macronutrients

A

-used in high concentrations in plants
*lower concentrations in soil
-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

72
Q

micronutrients

A

-used in lower concentrations in plants
*boron, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc

73
Q

limiting factor

A

whats limiting heavy growth

74
Q

rhizobia

A

bacteria that live in the roots
FIX NITROGEN
forms nodules
few plants do this
legumes
symbiosis

75
Q

nutrient import

A

active process rather than absorption

76
Q

symplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell

77
Q

apoplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell walls and cant get through the endodermis without entering the cell (this prevents toxins from entering)

77
Q

apoplastic route to the xylem

A

cuts through the cell walls and cant get through the endodermis without entering the cell (this prevents toxins from entering)

78
Q

pollen

A

sperm producing gametophyte
*multicellular haploid structure that produces sperm
*can travel in dry air
*doesnt need flagella to swim in water
-pollen does not make sperm it just contains them

79
Q

ovule

A

egg producing gametophyte
*multicellular haploid structure that makes eggs then becomes nutrient source for embryo
*larger than pollen and fixes to plant inside modified leaves (cone or flower)

80
Q

spores

A

seedless plants with single-cell reproduction

81
Q

microspore

A

pollen/male part

82
Q

megaspore

A

ovule/female part

83
Q

seeds

A

post-fertilization embryo
embryo packed in casing with food

84
Q

common features of seed plants

A

*sporophyte dominant
*gametophyte is tiny and dependent
*seeds
*dry fertilization

85
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed plant
cones are main reproductive structures
naked seeds

86
Q

angiosperms

A

seed plant
flowers
seeds in fruit
*pollen producing structures (anther)
*ovaries enclosing the ovule
*ovaries mature into fruit

87
Q

botanical fruit

A

culinary fruit
*sweet, juicy part of plant
culinary vegetable
*savory parts of plant
botanical fruit
*swollen ovary surrounding seeds

88
Q

Which part of photosynthesis directly used ATP

A

rearranging molecules to form RuBP

89
Q

the transfer of sunlight energy to electrons is accomplished by

A

chlorophyll

90
Q

sucrose loading

A

generate the pushing force that creates the flow through sieve elements in the phloem

91
Q

the tension in cohesion-tension theory refers to

A

the pulling force creates at the surface of a film of water

92
Q

water exits the leaf through

A

transpiration

93
Q

transpiration pulls water up through the xylem by

A

cohesion

94
Q

sugar leaves the phloem by

A

diffusion

95
Q

how do proton pumps impact potassium uptake

A

they decrease the positive charge within the cell to attract potassium ions

96
Q

what do ferns require for fertilization

A

water

97
Q

sweet fruits with many seeds help by

A

spreading seeds over a long distance

98
Q

all seed plants also have

A

xylem and phloem

99
Q

what anatomy do angiosperms have that gymnosperms do not

A

ovaries

100
Q

gametes (n) go through fertilization and produce

A

a zygote (2n)

101
Q

zygote (2n) goes through mitosis and produces

A

a sporophyte (2n, multicellular, diploid)

102
Q

a sporophyte goes through meiosis and produces

A

spores (n)

103
Q

spores go through mitosis and produce

A

gametophyte (n, multicellular, haploid)

104
Q

gametophytes (n, multicellular, haploid) go through mitosis and produce

A

gametes (n)

MADI B (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions