Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MADI B > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A
  1. self-feeding plants
  2. Algae, plants, some prokaryotes
  3. Usually photosynthetic but doesn’t have to be (chemotrophs)
  4. Organisms that use carbon from simple substances to make organic compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterotrophs

A
  1. Other-feeding plants
  2. Animals, fungi, some prokaryotes and protists
  3. Usually also get energy from organic compounds
  4. Organisms that use carbon from organic sources to make organic compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Systems of the Plant: Shoot System

A

Outgrowth that originates from the plumule of the seed’s embryo above the ground; can be interchanged with the word stem
-stem
-leaves
-reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Systems of the Plant: Root System

A

Everything that is underground in the plant
- roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in certain organelles in specialized cells in the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Cuticle

A
  • Non-cellular protective layer
  • Waterproof - prevents water loss
  • Typically very large because they need a large surface area for photosynthesis
  • A waxy layer - this prevents air from getting in and out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Epidermis

A
  • Cells that make the cuticle
  • Protects the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Mesophyll

A

Middle of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place
- Spongy: more circular cells, less tightly packed; doing less photosynthesis (layer closer to the bottom of the leaf, this arrangement is to allow CO2 to spread easily throughout the leaf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Palisade in the Mesophyll

A

Made up of these long, tightly packed cells; it is a wall of vertical tree trucks (what the cells look like)
- Have a columnar arrangement that maximizes light interception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Stoma

A

Mouth/opening of the leaf
- Holes that allows air in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Guard Cells within the Stoma

A

On either side of the opening
1. They can open and close without having muscles
2. They have pumps that will pump solute into the cell and channels that will allow solute to leave the cell
3. When K+ is pumped into the guard cells, its going to increase the osmotic pressure inside the cell and water is going to flow into the cell
4. There are microfibrils that are arranged around the water that goes into the cell, it causes an opening which is the stoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anatomy of the Leaf: Vascular Tissue

A
  • In leaf, stem, and root
  • Usually non-photosynthetic
  • Specialize in transport
  • Xylem and Phloem flowing through
  • Likely located in the spaces between spongy mesophyll layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

C3 Plants

A

C3 plants open stomata during the day to allow CO2 in while the plant is doing photosynthesis
- High water loss during the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CAM Plants

A

Open stomata at night and then close them during the day (cacti)
- Stores CO2 as other organic compounds
- Requires energy to use it
- Reduces the water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does dry weight in photosynthesis come from?

A

Dry weight comes from air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does photosynthesis compare to cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two parts of photosynthesis?

A

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Light Reactions

A

“photo” portion of photosynthesis “light”
- Makes ATP, NADPH, and releases O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

“synthesis” portion of photosynthesis “making”
- Takes in CO2 and makes sugars

20
Q

How is photosynthesis similar to cell respiration?

A

The first 3 steps where it takes sugars and makes CO2 and NADPH

21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle known as a plastid that is characterized by its two membranes
- These store chlorophyll, which is a green pigment (an inner and outer membrane)

22
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened sacs in the inner membrane of the chloroplasts
1. Where the light-dependent reactions occur by absorbing light
2. Inside the thylakoid is the thylakoid lumen

23
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoids within the chloroplasts
- Used to increase surface area for more absorption of sunlight

24
Q

Stroma

A

Liquid matrix of chloroplasts
- This is the enzyme-rich fluid that is contained inside the chloroplast
- This is the site of light-independent reactions

25
Q

Endosymbiont Theory of Chloroplasts

A
  • Chloroplasts once were bacteria
  • Chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribsomes
26
Q

Input of Light Reactions within Photosynthesis

A

Sunlight, NADP+, ADP, H2O

27
Q

Output of Light Reactions within Photosynthesis

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

28
Q

Two Interconnected Systems of Light Reactions

A

Make ATP, make NADPH, then use both of these to make sugars in the Calvin Cycle

29
Q

Chlorophyll

A
  1. This is the start of photosynthesis
  2. Reflects green light
  3. The Photosynthetic Complex (Antenna Complex)
30
Q

Antenna Complex within Chlorophyll

A

When chlorophyll molecules absorbs light energy, their electrons jump to an excited state and transfer energy to the RCC which donates an electron to start the electron transport chain
1. Located within the thylakoid membrane
2. Site of light absorption
3. Large protein complex that contains:
- Lots of chlorophyll molecules
- A single Reaction Center Chlorophyll (RCC)

31
Q

Reaction Center Chlorophyll

A

Specialized chlorophyll that loses its electron
1. Performs the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

32
Q

Absorbance of Chlorophyll

A
  1. The least important color involved in photosynthesis is green
  2. Absorbs mainly red and violet
  3. This requires magnesium
  4. Accessory pigments - aids photosynthesis by absorbing light that chlorophyll cannot
33
Q

Photolysis

A

Splitting water
- Reaction Center Chlorophyll left without an electron
- Steals an electron from water
a. O2 evolving complex
- Water is left without an electron
a. Oxidized
b. Water is split into H+ ions plus O-
c. O- combines with another O- to make O2
- O2 given off as waste gas

34
Q

Photosystem 2 makes H+ Gradient

A
  1. Makes H+ from H2O
  2. Electron Transport Chain similar to in the mitochondria
  3. H+ is pumped from the stroma to the lumen of the thylakoid along with the electron from the RCC
  4. ATP synthase uses H+ gradient to make ATP as it goes down the ETC
35
Q

Photosystem 1 makes

A

NADPH along with ATP

36
Q

3 Steps of the Calvin Cycle

A
  1. Fixation: Adds CO2 to Carbon molecule
    - Takes CO2 and adds it to a 5 carbon molecule
    - Breaks into two and results in two of the same 3 carbons molecules (3-PGA)
  2. Reduction: 3-PGA reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    - Reduces ATP and NADPH
    - Produces ADP and NADP+
    - Produces 1 G3P molecule
    - The Calvin Cycle has to repeat 6 times while allows
    for 12 G3P
  3. Regenerate: RuBP
    - Requires more ATP
    - Then 2 of them are used to make glucose and the
    other 10 are used to regenerate the 5 Carbon starting product used in the cycle
37
Q

Carbon Fixation

A
  1. RuBP aka Ribulose Biphosphate is a 5 carbon molecule
    a. CO2 enters the chloroplast from the environment
  2. CO2 combines with RuBP to form a 6 carbon molecule (this is unstable and does not last very long bc it breaks down)
    a. Ribulose-Biphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is an enzyme used to combine the RuBP and CO2; unstable intermediate falls apart
  3. Forms 2 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA
  4. RuBisCo Alternatives:
    a. Carboxylase: adds CO2 to RuBP (good)
    b. Oxygenase: adds O2 to RuBP (bad)
38
Q

Reduction

A
  1. Carbon Input: 3PGA
    a. The 3PGA is then phosphorylated (gains phosphate from ATP)
    b. This creates PGA-P
    c. Then each PGAP is reduced by accepting an electron and a proton from NADPH
    d. This creates G3P
  2. Carbon Output: G3P
    a. One G3P out of every 6 is removed from the Calvin Cycle to help produce Glucose
    b. The remainder (5 groups) of G3P is used to regenerate RuBP
39
Q

Regeneration

A
  1. Rearrange 5 of the 3 carbon G3P molecules into 3 of the 5 carbon RuBP
  2. Requires more ATP
40
Q

Sugar Synthesis

A
  1. G3P from Calvin Cycle is used
  2. 3-carbon building blocks are used to make sugars (glucose)
  3. Similar to glycolysis but backwards
  4. Requires NADPH and ATP
  5. Occurs in cytoplasm
41
Q

Photorespiration

A
  1. C3 Photosynthesis
    a. Normal Photosynthesis
    b. Named for 3-PGA, first product of fixation, C3
  2. Photorespiration
    a. RuBisCo takes O2 instead of CO2; regenerate RuBP
    b. Happens more when stomata are closed because it is hot
    c. This creates 2-PG (which is a 2 carbon molecule along with a 3 carbon PGA)
    d. Requires ATP to redo the process
42
Q

C4 Photosynthesis

A
  1. Bundle sheath cells arranged around vascular tissue (the area where photosynthesis takes place in the C4 plants which keeps the O2 out)
  2. There are however passageways within the sheath that allow CO2 through so that photosynthesis may occur
  3. Bundle sheath cells insulated from air by mesophyll cells
  4. Only mesophyll cells come into contact with air
43
Q

The Process of C4 Photosynthesis

A
  1. CO2 captured by PEP carboxylase and combines with PEP (3 carbon molecule to form a 4 carbon molecule that then forms into another 4 carbon molecule) Then CO2 is produced and pyruvate is a byproduct
  2. This all occurs within the Bundle Sheath cells
  3. CO2 then enters Calvin Cycle and makes sugars
  4. Requires extra ATP
44
Q

CAM Photosynthesis

A

Best for avoiding the most water loss
1. Night:
a. Stomata open- so that there is less water loss due to the heat
b. Stores CO2 that is brought in and as C4 acid in vacuoles
2. Day:
a. Light reactions
b. Stomata closed
c. The acid that is storing the CO2 is converted back to just CO2
d. Releases CO2 into the Calvin Cycle which goes to RuBisCo etc.

45
Q

Xylem: Zombie Plants

A

Experiment in 1890
1. Cut root off plant and put in poison
2. Plant dies but anatomy stays intact
3. Put roots in water
4. Plant continues to draw up water for days

46
Q

Xylem: The Stem

A

Vascular Plants, Angiosperms, and Gymnosperms
1. Epidermis: cover and protect
2. Ground Tissue: support and filler; these have the stiffening molecules that keep the plant upright
3. Vascular Tissue:
a. Different arrangements of vascular tissue in different lineages but always together
b. Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
c. Phloem: Transports sugar proteins and hormones

MADI B (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions