Exam 4- Organic And Nuclear Flashcards
What is the current definition of organic chemistry?
the chemistry of carbon interacting with all other atoms on the periodic table
what are organic compounds?
Carbon containing molecules
Alkanes
Gemetric shape, hybridization, trend, bonding, suffix
tetrahedral in shape because all Cs have 4 coordination
sp3 hybridized
Cn H2n+2
There are all C or H all single bonded
(longest chain prefix)-ane
What is the skeletal structural formula?
Each line represents two carbons, one at each end.
Also called bond line structure
What is an Isomer, what are the two types and their differences?
When two or more molecules have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Structural Isomer vs Geometric Isomer
Ex C4H10 is Butane and Methyl Propane. same name but different structures
Ex Cis 2 Butane and Trans 2 Butane are geometric isomers
Cis vs Trans given the structure
Alkyl Group
ending in -yl
substituted groups of carbon atoms on the largest continuous chain
“side chain”
What is the most reactive cycloalkane and why?
What are the most stable?
cyclopropane because we are changing the bond angle, forcing e- together to ~60 degrees
pent- and hex- because of the ideal bond angle 109.5
Describe Chair vs Boat structures and which is more stable. Why
In the boat form two hydrogens are in the axial position and are too close together, making it unstable.
In the chair form, the two hydrogens are further from each other, making this the more stable form for cyclohexane
Cis vs Trans
which has a higher melting point
Substituted groups on the same side of the carbon chain are cis
Substituted groups on different sides of the carbon chain are trans
Trans Isomers have higher mp due to the ability to “stack” or pack close together.
Because of this, trans are considered more stable
Three types of intermolecular forces and their order of strength
Hydrogen> Dipole-Dipole > London Dispersion
Hydrogen bonding
A bond where H is attached to an F, O, or N. It is a type of Dipole Dipole
Dipole Dipole force
two polar molecules bonding positive to negative
London Dispersion force
also known as van der waals
Localized dispersion of electron cloud in a bond over one atom for a brief moment in time-temporary dipoles
Intermolecular forces impact the _________ of the various organic compounds and ______________
Intermolecular forces impact the physical properties of the various organic compounds and certain chemical properties
Physical properties of Alkanes
non polar
Stable and unreactive unless energy is put into the system
does not dissolve in water
as you increase the chain length you will increase the melting and boiling points
Alkenes
General form Cn H2n
sp2 hybridized, coordination number is 3 so trigonal planar
MUST HAVE AT LEAST 1 DOUBLE BOND
Suffix becomes -ene
Two double bonds suffix is -diene
-Must use a number to denote location of the double bond
Naming Alkenes
no such things as a single carbon (no meth) since it needs a double bond
ends in -ene, indicate cis or trans
The double bond sets the number direction, lowest number wins
Ester
R-COO-R, where a C- are double bonded
suffix -oate
Name the last R first, then (carbon # prefix)-oate
Beta Decay
A neutron is converted into a proton, and an electron gets ejected.
Bad bad bad to have a free charged electron floating through space to hit into anything
Atomic number goes up 1
Alpha Decay
Production of a helium atom, referred to as an alpha particle, spits out 2 protons and 2 neutrons and has NO CHARGE. Not dangerous.
Protons go down 2 but atomic goes down 4
Positron Decay/Emission
Positron emission happens when a proton is converted into a neutron. What is ejected is a positively charged electron, a positron.
Atomic number goes down 1
Electron Capture
like reverse beta decay. Sucking an electron from the cloud into the nucleus. Releases gamma rays. E is on left, not right. Atomic number will go down 1
