exam 4: NS general concepts (31) Flashcards
1
Q
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
what does these terms correspond with
A
Prosencephalon= FOREBRAIN
Mesencephalon= MIDBRAIN
Rhombencephalon= HINDBRAIN
2
Q
Cranial end of the neural tube develops ______ enlargements
A
3
3
Q
Caudal to the brain, the neural tube becomes the _________
A
spinal cord
4
Q
The 3 main enlargements divide/develop into __ main divisions of the brain
A
5
5
Q
What does the Proencephalon subdivide into
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
6
Q
What does the Rhombencephalon subdivide into
A
Metencephalon (pons)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
7
Q
what are the 3 main parts of the encephalon
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
8
Q
What are the major deviates of the Telencephalon
A
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
9
Q
What are the major deviates of the Diencephalon
A
- Epithalamus
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
10
Q
What are the major deviates of the Mesencephalon
A
Tectum
Tegmentum
Cerebral peduncles
11
Q
What are the major deviates of the metencephalon
A
Cerebellum
Pons
12
Q
What are the major deviates of the Myelencephalon
A
Medulla Oblongata
13
Q
what is the lumen associated with the Telencephalon
A
Lateral ventricles (1 for each hemisphere)
14
Q
what is the lumen associated with the Diencephalon
A
third ventricle
15
Q
what is the lumen associated with the mesencephalon
A
mesencephalic aqueduct
16
Q
what is the lumen associated with the Metencephalon
A
rostral part of fourth ventricle
17
Q
what is the lumen associated with the Myelencephalon
A
caudal part of the fourth ventricle
18
Q
what is the subdivision and lumen associated with the remainder of the neural tube
A
subdivision: spinal cord
lumen: central canal
19
Q
what does the optic cups of an embryo expand to form
A
eyes
20
Q
What does the telencephalon form
A
the 2 hemispheres of the brain
21
Q
lumen is another word for a ____
A
cavity
22
Q
what are the FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS of the encephalon
A
Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brainstem [base]
23
Q
what is the brain stem composed of
A
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
24
Q
what is the most caudal portion of the rhombencephalon that communicates with the spinal cord
A
medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
25
The space in the neural canal known as
_____________ is dorsal to the myelencephalon and metencephalon
IV ventricle
26
Nucleus of the vagus lives in the ________
medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
27
the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) has ascending and descending __________
projection neurons
28
what areas does the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) control
* cardiovascular and respiratory
* arousal/awareness
29
medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) contains UMN or LMN nuclei
UMN
30
what cranial nerves are involved with the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
CN VI to XII
31
what is being pointed to
Rhomboid fossa (the floor of the 4th ventricle)
32
identify 1 and 2 of the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata
1. pyramids
2. Decussation of pyramids
33
In the medulla oblongata, what is the name of the descending motor fibers that are from the superior aspect of the brain forming columns
pyramids
34
Crossover of descending motor fibers. Is consider de boundary between the encephalon and the spinal cord
Decussation of pyramids
35
what is the natural landmark of where the encephalon ends and spinal cord begins
Decussation of pyramids
36
Decussation of pyramids move rostrally=
Decussation of pyramids move caudally=
rostral= encephalon
caudally= spinal cord
37
T/F: there fibers that do NOT cross at the decussations of the pyramids
true (majority do, but not ALL)
38
metencephalon is rostral to the _________________-
myelencephalon
39
T/F the pons also has ascending/descending projection fibers, arousal/awareness, and UMN nuclei
true
40
what is the MAIN CN of the Metencephalon (pons)
CN V (trigeminal)
41
what is the highlighted part
Pons or Metencephalon
Ventral view
42
identify 1 and 2
1. Rhomboid fossa (floor of 4th ventricle)
2. middle cerebellar peduncle (larger peduncle)
43
Correspond to the tree shape formation made by the white
matter (axons) in the center of the cerebellum
arbor vitae
44
Folds of the cortex (peripheral
grey matter/neuron somas)
of the cerebellum.
Folias
45
identify the parts of the cerebellum
1. Grooves
2. Folias
3.ARBOR VITAE
46
what does cortex mean
a bunch of somas (grey matter)
47
why is the cerebellum called the "little brain"
because it has a cortex (folias)
48
externally, what are the parts of the cerebellum
* 2 hemispheres (R and L)
* Vermis
49
what are the hemispheres of the cerebellum associated with
control of Motricity (fine motor skills)
50
When you have a stroke in the cerebellum, what is the first thing affected
Motricity
51
The base of the cerebellum is most associated with what function
balance/ equalibrium
52
On the top of the cerebellum, known as the VERMIS what functions is it in charge of
muscular tone
53
identify 1-3 on the cerebellum
1.VERMIS
2.Hemisphere
3. Base
54
Cerebellar nuclei and Cerebellar cortex help with the ______ and ______ related to motor skills
coordination and movement
55
Cerebellar nuclei and Cerebellar cortex help maintain what 3 things
posture, balance, and equilibrium
56
identify 1 and 2
1.Cerebellar cortex
2.Cerebellar nuclei
57
Does the MESENCEPHALON have:
- passage of ascending/descending projection neurons
-arousal/awareness
-UMN
yes
58
what specific reflex does MESENCEPHALON have
visual/auditory reflexes
59
what cranial nerves are involved in the MESENCEPHALON
CN III, IV
60
what is dorsal part of the MESENCEPHALON
Tectum colliculi
61
what is in the middle of the MESENCEPHALON
MESENCEPHALIC Aqueduct
62
what is the ventral portion of the MESENCEPHALON
cerebral peduncle
63
what does the MESENCEPHALIC Aqueduct communicate with
3rd and 4th ventricle
64
identify 1 and 2
1.Rostral colliculi of the TECTUM
2. caudal colliculi of the TECTUM
65
MESENCEPHALON:
what reflex are the Rostral colliculi of the Tectum responsible for
visual reflex
66
MESENCEPHALON:
what reflex are the Caudal colliculi of the Tectum responsible for
Auditory reflexes
67
what is the singular term for Colliculi
culliculus
68
____________ of the MESENCEPHALON
Cerebral peduncules
69
what is the arrow pointing to?
Diencephalon
70
the Diencephalon is the gateway/ relay center to the ___________
forebrain
71
Diencephalon has ___________ control
autonomic/homeostatic
72
T/F Diencephalon is important for arousal/awareness and is part of the UMN control system
true
73
what cranial nerve is involved with the Diencephalon
CN II (optic)
74
located between the 2 hemispheres and is the most cranial portion of the brain stem
Diencephalon
75
what is the central area of the Diencephalon
thalamus (R and L)
76
All of the afferents in the body has to stop at the ______ before getting into the cortex
thalamus (relay station)
77
what is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus
olfactory
78
Identify parts 1-4 of the Diencephalon
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Hypophysis
79
what gland is found dorsal and caudal position in the epithalamus.
Produces melatonin, a hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles
pineal gland
80
identify 1 and 2 of the Diencephalon
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
81
Pineal gland
82
The hypophysis divides into what 2 parts
1. Adenohypophysis
2. Neurohypophysis
83
what is N
what is A
1. Adenohypophysis
2. Neurohypophysis
84
_________ is the main thing that separates humans from animals
Telencephalon (most modern portion)
85
identify 1-3 of the cerebrum
1. Superficial grey matter: Cortex (6 or 3 cell layers
2. White matter
3. Deep grey matter: Basal nuclei
86
what are the 3 categories of fibers in the Telencephalon
* Association
* Projection
* Commissurals
87
what kind of fiber is associates areas in the same side (ipsilateral)
- Association
88
what kind of fibers communicate superior with inferior areas and Vice versa
- Projection
89
what kind of fibers communicate contralateral areas right with left and vice versa
- Commissurals
90
the larger commissural fibers of the telencephalon are referred to as the
Corpus Callosum
91
-Corpus callosum
92
-Corpus callosum
93
Deep grey matter: Basal nuclei of the Cerebrum
94
Group of subcortical nuclei within the brain responsible mainly for motor control
As well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions, emotional behaviors, and a role in reward and reinforcement, addictive behaviors and habit formation.
Basal nuclei
95
_____________ is the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order
brain functions as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands or spatial
reasoning
Neocortex (neopallium)
also called the isocortex, or the sixlayered cortex
96
The phylogenetically oldest region of the
brain's cerebral cortex.
It is often considered contiguous with the olfactory
cortex, also known as rhinencephalon
* Arquipallium
* Paleopallium
97
what are the parts of cortex of the cerebrum
*Neopallium
*Arquipallium
*Paleopallium
98
Part of the brain involved with the sense of
smell. Close connected with the structures of
the limbic system that control emotions and
memory
Rhinencephalon
99
Group of brain structures involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially for survival, feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses
Limbic system
100
identify 1-3
1. Olfactory bulb
2. Olfactory peduncle
3. Piriform lobe
101
the __________ is important for survival because it
helps detect danger and automatically activate the fight-or-flight response
amygdala
102
Seahorse-shaped part of the brain that plays a key role in memory, learning, and emotion
Hippocampus
103
Hippocampus
104
List all the parts
