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PSYCH 101 > Exam 4; Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Exam 4; Memory and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

the way in which we use and store information in memory

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2
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, as a result of experience

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3
Q

memory

A

the storage, processing, and retrieval of information in the mind

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4
Q

language

A

a well-developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world

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5
Q

intelligence

A

abilities that enable you to adapt to your environment and behave in a goal-directed way

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6
Q

orienting reflex

A

the tendency of an organism to orient its senses toward unexpected stimuli

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7
Q

habituation

A

the tendency of an organism to ignore repeated stimuli

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8
Q

dishabituation

A

re-responding to a stimulus to which one has habituated

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9
Q

Which of the following is an example of habituation?
a) Juan was teasing the family dog when it bit him. Because of the pain of the bite, Juan learned not to tease the dog again
b) Teresa was trying to learn to knit. At first, she had to consciously think about what she was doing, but after practicing 3 hours, Teresa could knit without thinking about it
c) Janel just bought a new puppy. At first, the dog’s barking was distracting to Janel as she tried to watch TV, but after a while Janel did not notice the puppy’s barking
d) Kerry loved her partner very much. Now that they have broken up, every time she hears their favorite song on the radio, Kerry starts to cry

A

c) Janel just bought a new puppy. At first, the dog’s barking was distracting to Janel as she tried to watch TV, but after a while Janel did not notice the puppy’s barking

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10
Q

Fido the puppy tilts his head up and sniffs the air as he smells his owner cooking dinner in the kitchen. Fido is exhibiting ______.
a) habituation
b) dishabituation
c) an orienting reflex
d) a + c

A

c) an orienting reflex

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11
Q

Which of the following would likely have the capacity for habituation?
a) a 3 month old human baby
b) an adult monkey
c) an adult dog
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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12
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response in an organism

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13
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response in an organism

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15
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism

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16
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the organism

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18
Q

contiguity

A

the degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time

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19
Q

contingency

A

the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus

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20
Q

forward (delayed) conditioning

A

CS comes first, but continues until US starts. Conditioning occurs readily

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21
Q

forward (trace) conditioning

A

CS comes first, ends before start of US. Conditioning occurs readily, but response is somewhat weak

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22
Q

forward trace conditioning with longer delay

A

conditioning is weaker

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23
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US co-occur. In most cases, conditioning is weak or hard to demonstrate

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24
Q

backward conditioning

A

CS follows US. After a few repetitions, CS becomes inhibitory - that is, a signal for a time of absence of the US - and conditioning is weak

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25
Q

stimulus generalization

A

responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli

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26
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

responding only to a particular stimulus

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27
Q

taste aversion

A

classical conditioning that occurs when an organism pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell, or idea of the food

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28
Q

biological preparedness

A

a genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily

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29
Q

aversion therapy

A

a type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli

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30
Q

extinction

A

the removal of a conditioned response

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31
Q

acquisition

A

the process of learning a conditioned response or behavior

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32
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

during extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period of time before re-extinguishing

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33
Q

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a) Damon learns to ride a bike by watching his older brother
b) Sally likes the smell of rose perfume because her partner used to wear rose scented cologne.
c) After 20 minutes in the daycare center, Ralph barely notices the squealing of the children at play
d) Ted never speeds after receiving a $500 fine for speeding

A

b) Sally likes the smell of rose perfume because her partner used to wear rose scented cologne

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34
Q

Which of the following is the best example of a US-UR pair in first order classical conditioning?
a) receiving money – happiness
b) an electric shock to the finger – jerking one’s finger away
c) receiving a promotion – working overtime
d) seeing a snake – fear

A

b) an electric shock to the finer – jerking one’s finger away

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35
Q

Janna, a real estate agent, desperately wants to sell a home. Janna tells the owner to place a pan of vanilla extract in the oven and heat it just before the prospective buyers arrive to look at the house. Janna knows that the smell of vanilla in the house will increase the chance that the buyers will like the house because they have been classically conditioned to respond favorably to the smell of vanilla. In this example, what is the CR?
a) the pleasant emotions evoked by the smell of vanilla
b) the smell of vanilla
c) the memory of Grandma baking cookies
d) the house

A

a) the pleasant emotions evoked by the smell of vanilla

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36
Q

Jamal was eating a hotdog on a Ferris while, and while on the ride Jamal became ill from motion sickness. Afterward, Jamal developed a conditioned taste aversion to hotdogs. Jamal’s story best illustrates the fact that classically conditioned taste aversions can be learned even when there is a lack of ___________.
a) contingency
b) contiguity
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

A

a) contingency

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37
Q

Wanda developed a conditioned taste aversion to pickles as a child. Today at age 30, Wanda can once again eat pickles without experiencing nausea. Wanda’s ability to now eat pickles is likely due to _________.
a) dishabituation
b) classical conditioning of a new taste aversion
c) extinction
d) an orienting reflex to pickles

A

c) extinction

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38
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of its behavior

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39
Q

law of effect

A

a principle discovered by E.L. Thorndike, which states that behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened

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40
Q

reinforcement

A

the strengthening of a response that occurs when the response leads to a pleasant consequence

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41
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant to the environment of the organism

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42
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism

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43
Q

punishment

A

the weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence

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44
Q

positive punishment

A

weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the organism’s environment

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45
Q

negative punishment

A

weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the organism’s environment

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46
Q

Skinner Box

A

device created by B.F. Skinner to study operant behavior in a compressed time frame; in a Skinner box, an organism is automatically reinforced or punished for engaging in certain behaviors

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47
Q

extinction burst

A

a temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun

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48
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

the frequency and timing of the reinforcements that an organism receives

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49
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every instance of the desired response

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50
Q

partial reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for only some instances of the desired response

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51
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every xth instance of the desired response

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52
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced on average for every xth instance of the desired response

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53
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an xth interval of time

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54
Q

variable interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time

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55
Q

shaping

A

using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in an organism by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response

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56
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency for an animal who has been conditioned to perform a certain behavior to abandon this learned behavioral response in favor of a more instinctive response

57
Q

behavior modification

A

using the principles of learning to modify problematic behaviors

58
Q

primary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself

59
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that is reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer

60
Q

token economy

A

a system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can later be cashed in primary reinforcers

61
Q

delay of gratification

A

learning to forego immediate reinforcement in favor of waiting for a later, sometimes larger, reinforcement

62
Q

behaviorism

A

a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior over the study of the mind

63
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization about how to solve a problem that occurs after an organism has studied the problem for a period of time

64
Q

latent learning

A

learning that cannot be directly observed in an organism’s behavior

65
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the environment that is formed through observation of one’s environment

66
Q

Denzel wants to increase his son Mario’s tendency to mow the yard on Saturday mornings without having to repeatedly ask him. To do this, Denzel tells Mario that he will pay him $5 when he mows the yard without first having been told to do so. Denzel is using which schedule of reinforcement? a. Fixed interval
b. Variable interval
c. Variable ratio
d. Continuous

A

d. continuous

67
Q

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
a. Byron doesn’t go to the dentist because the last time he did, it was very painful.
b. Byron is afraid of dentists because the last time he went to the dentist, it was very painful.
c. Byron wants to go to the dentist because when his friend Gina went to the dentist, the dentist gave Gina a toy.
d. All of the above are examples of operant conditioning.

A

a. Bryon doesn’t go to the dentist because the last time he did, it was very painful

68
Q

John’s operantly conditioned his dog, Rover, to shake paws. However, lately John has noticed that when he asks Rover to shake paws, instead of doing so, Rover just sits and barks at John. This failure to perform the conditioned response is most likely due to.
a. shaping
b. instinctive drift
c. spontaneous recovery
d. all of the above

A

b. instinctive drift

69
Q

When Kim Peek performed his feats of memory for people, they usually reacted with surprise and laughter. These reactions served as that encouraged Kim to continue performing his displays of memory for others.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. token reinforcers
d. b and c

A

a. positive reinforcement

70
Q

Credit card points, earned by using the card to make purchases, are an example of and they help card users develop.
a. conditioned stimuli; delay of gratification
b. primary reinforcers; spontaneous recovery
c. tokens; delay of gratification
d. operants; spontaneous recovery

A

c. tokens; delay of gratification

71
Q

observational learning

A

learning through observation and imitation of others behavior

72
Q

When Kim Peek’s father attempted to teach Kim how to brush his teeth by modeling for him the process of brushing teeth, he was attempting to teach Kim through.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. observational learning
d. All of the above

A

c. observational learning

73
Q

How do observational learning and operant conditioning differ?
a. In observational learning, the person is less aware that learning is taking place. b. In operant conditioning, the person is less aware that learning is taking place. c. In observational learning, the person does not have to engage in the response.
d. In operant conditioning, the person does not have to engage in the response.

A

c. In observational learning, the person does not have to engage in the response.

74
Q

Albert Bandura’s studies with the Bobo doll can best be described as being.
a. correlational studies
b. true experiments
c. case studies
d. quasi-experiments

A

b. true experiments

75
Q

Tyrone watches a violent TV show, but he has never imitated any of the behaviors he has seen on the show. Which of the following statements is true regarding Tyrone’s learning? a. Tyrone has not learned anything from watching the show.
b. Tyrone has definitely learned something from watching the show.
c. Tyrone may have learned something from watching the show.
d. At some point in time, Tyrone’s behavior will definitely change as a result of watching the show.

A

c. Tyrone may have learned something from watching the show

76
Q

encoding

A

the act of inputting information into memory

77
Q

memory traces

A

the stored code that represents a piece of information that has been encoded into memory

78
Q

storage

A

the place where information is retained in memory

79
Q

retrieval

A

the process of accessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness

80
Q

consciousness

A

an organism’s awareness of its own mental processes and/or its environment

81
Q

attention

A

an organism’s ability to focus its consciousness on some aspect of its own mental processes and/or its environment

82
Q

explicit memory

A

the conscious use of memory

83
Q

implicit memory

A

the unconscious use of memory

84
Q

Your friend asks you to repeat the word “silk” 5 times. Then they ask you the question, “What do cows drink?”. When you answer with “milk”, they laugh and tell you that of course cows drink water. Which of the following best explains why you answered incorrectly? a. Explicit memory
b. Priming
c. A lack of attention
d. None of the above

A

b. priming

85
Q

Which of the following best illustrates the use of explicit memory?
a. Forgetting to get eggs at the grocery store
b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party
c. Automatically thinking of a cat when you see a dog on TV
d. Guessing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test

A

b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party

86
Q

Which of the following best illustrates the use of implicit memory?
a. Knowing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test
b. Trying to remember where you left your car keys c. Forgetting where you left your car keys
d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone

A

d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone

87
Q

sensory memory

A

a system of memory that very briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant information from them for further processing

88
Q

short-term memory (STM)

A

a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration; in the 3 stages model of memory, STM is seen as the intermediate stage between sensory memory and LTM

89
Q

LTM

A

a system of memory that works to store memories for a long time

90
Q

coding system

A

a system of encoding in which memories can be stored in memory using a visual, acoustic (with sound), verbal, or sematic (in terms of meaning) format

91
Q

chunking

A

a means of using one’s limited STM resources more efficiently by combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information, or chunks

92
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating information over and over again to keep it in STM for an extended period of time

93
Q

forgetting curve

A

a graph of the amount of learned information that is forgotten over time

94
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in LTM so as to facilitate the transfer of this new information into LTM

95
Q

levels of processing model

A

a model that predicts that information is processed deeply and elaboratively will be best retained in and recalled from LTM

96
Q

primacy effect

A

the tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words in the middle of the list

97
Q

recency effect

A

the tendency for people to recall words from the end of the list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list

98
Q

working memory

A

a multifaceted component of LTM that contains a central executive, an episodic buffer, in a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketchpad; the function of working memory is to access, move, and process information that we are currently using

99
Q

central executive

A

the attention-controlling component of working memory

100
Q

Which of the following views of memory can best explain our ability to simultaneously process the music of a video and the images of the video in short-term memory?
a. The three-stages model of memory
b. The working memory view of memory
c. Procedural memory processing
d. Semantic memory processing

A

b. the working memory view of memory

101
Q

When you are listening to and watching a music video on your computer, which component(s) of memory are you likely to be using?
a. The phonological loop
b. The central executive
c. The visuospatial sketchpad
d. All of the above

A

d. all of the above

102
Q

Which of the following is the best example of elaborative rehearsal?
a. Reading a chapter in your text three times
b. Relating the material to your personal experiences c. Using flashcards of key concepts in the chapter
d. Rewriting your lecture notes

A

b. relating the material to your personal experiences

103
Q

You are trying to study your psychology notes, and at the same time you are trying to listen to music online. Which component of working memory is most at work, attempting to divide your attention among these tasks?
a. The phonological loop
b. The central executive
c. Short-term memory
d. The episodic buffer

A

b. the central executive

104
Q

You are at a very noisy party, but instead of listening to the background noise, you are having a serious conversation with a friend. The fact that you are able to do this best illustrates.
a. encoding
b. memory storage
c. divided attention
d. selective attention

A

d. selective attention

105
Q

semantic encoding

A

encoding memory traces in terms of the meaning of the information being stored

106
Q

schema

A

an organizes, generalized knowledge structure in LTM

107
Q

declarative memory

A

a type of LTM memory encompassing memories that are easily verbalized, including episodic and semantic memories

108
Q

semantic memories

A

long-term, declarative memory for conceptual information

109
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for the recent events in our lives

110
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory for our past that gives us a sense of personal hx

111
Q

procedural memory

A

long-term memory for skills and behavior

112
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to recall previously stored declarative memories from LTM

113
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to store new declarative memories in LTM

114
Q

Remembering the definition of elaborative rehearsal is an example of a(n) memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. procedural
d. sensory

A

a. sematic

115
Q

You know how to behave when you go to a fast-food restaurant because you have a(n) stored in long-term memory for this event. a. episode
b. icon
c. schema
d. proposition

A

c. schema

116
Q

Which of the following is the best example of semantic encoding in long-term memory?
a. Remembering how to play the tune to your favorite song on a guitar
b. Remembering the name of the artist who sings your favorite song c. Remembering having pancakes for breakfast this morning
d. Remembering your first day of high school

A

d. remembering your first day of high school

117
Q

recall

A

a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much information

118
Q

recognition

A

a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of information, including the item being sought

119
Q

decay theory

A

a theory of forgetting that proposes that memory traces are not routinely activated in LTM with degrade

120
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

knowing that you know a piece of information, even though you cannot recall it at the moment

121
Q

proactive interference

A

a type of forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces

122
Q

cue-dependent forgetting

A

a type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall information in a context other than the context in which it was encoded

123
Q

repression

A

a type of forgetting proposed by Sigmund Freud in which memories for events, desires, or impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called unconscious

124
Q

You meet an old friend on the street and search your memory for their name. This is an example of which type of retrieval task?
a. Recall
b. Recognition
c. Implicit retrieval d. Encoding specificity

A

a. recall

125
Q

Decay theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of, whereas interference theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of.
a. availability; accessibility
b. accessibility; availability
c. encoding; accessibility
d. encoding; availability

A

a. availability; accessibility

126
Q

Mary was married 6 months ago. Much to her dismay, her friends continue to call her by her maiden name even though she has legally taken her partner’s name. Mary’s friends are experiencing which memory phenomenon?
a. Encoding specificity
b. Repression
c. Proactive interference
d. Retroactive interference

A

c. proactive interference

127
Q

Jack doesn’t want to remember the blind date he went on last week because it didn’t go well. Every time he starts to think of the date, Jack pushes the memory from his mind, and he focuses his attention on something else. Which type of forgetting best describes what Jack is experiencing?
a. Proactive interference
b. Retroactive interference
c. Repression
d. Motivated forgetting

A

d. motivated forgetting

128
Q

flashbulb memory

A

an unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event

129
Q

reconstructive memory

A

memory that is based on the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of events we have experienced

130
Q

constructive memory

A

memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces

131
Q

misinformation effect

A

the distortion of memory that occurs when people are exposed to misinformation

132
Q

In recalling his date from last Saturday night, Juan assumes that his date was wearing shoes, even though he did not encode the details of what the shoes looked like. Juan’s memory is an example of.
a. constructive memory
b. reconstructive memory
c. procedural memory
d. encoding specificity

A

a. constructive memory

133
Q

Which of the following events is most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?
a. Taking a difficult math test
b. Being in a serious car accident
c. Having a heated discussion with your best friend
d. Going to a very scary movie on a date

A

d. going to a very scary movie on a date

134
Q

memory consolidation

A

the stabilization and long term storage of memory traces in the brain

135
Q

Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for an adult with anterograde amnesia? a. Learning to jump rope
b. Learning to play a new video game
c. Recalling their fifth birthday

A

b. learning to play a new video game

136
Q

Sarah is learning a list of new words. If you took a PET scan of Sarah’s brain during completion of this task, where would you expect to see the greatest brain activity? a. The cerebellum
b. The hypothalamus
c. The hippocampus
d. The right frontal lobe

A

c. the hippocampus

137
Q

After his death, a postmortem examination was performed on H.M.’s brain to examine which specific structures had been damaged by the earlier surgery that doctors performed to curb his epilepsy. This postmortem examination is best characterized as what type of research?
a. An experiment
b. A correlational study
c. A case study
d. A quasi-experiment

A

c. a case study

138
Q

José was in a car accident and he damaged his cerebellum. Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for José after his accident? a. Learning to play the piano
b. Learning psychology
c. Recalling his childhood
d. Remembering what he had for breakfast

A

a. learning to play the paino

PSYCH 101 (3 decks)

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