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PSYCH 101 > Exam 3; Consciousness and Social > Flashcards

Exam 3; Consciousness and Social Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware

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2
Q

microsleep

A

a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity

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3
Q

circadian rhythm

A

changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24-25 hour cycle

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4
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that signal other brain areas when to be aroused and when to shut down

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5
Q

melatonin

A

a hormones in the body that facilitates sleep

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6
Q

non-rem sleep

A

the relaxing state of sleep in which the person’s eyes don’t move

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7
Q

REM sleep

A

the active state of sleep in which the person’s eyes move

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8
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

a condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur, leading to violent movements during REM sleep

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9
Q

REM rebound

A

the loss of REM sleep is recouped by spending more time in REM on subsequent nights

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10
Q

Manifest content

A

according to Freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening

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11
Q

Latent content

A

according to Freud, the symbolic meaning of a dream

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12
Q

continuity hypothesis

A

suggests that dreaming is a way of coping with daily problems and issues

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13
Q

memory theory

A

suggest that dreams are a way to consolidate information and to get rid of trivial details in our memories

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14
Q

threat simulation theory (TST)

A

suggests that dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows us to repeatedly simulate potentially threatening situations so that we can rehearse our responses to these events

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15
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

suggests that dreams do not have symbolic meaning but are the by-product of the brain’s random firing of neural impulses during REM sleep

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16
Q

sleep disorder

A

a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping

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17
Q

insomnia

A

a sleep disorder in which a person can’t get to sleep and/or stay asleep

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18
Q

narcolepsy

A

a rare sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day

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19
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep

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20
Q

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

A

a neurological movement disorder occurring primarily at night in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the discomfort

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21
Q

sleepwalking

A

a sleep disorder in which a person is mobile and may perform actions during non-REM slow-wave sleep

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22
Q

nightmares

A

brief scary REM dreams that are often remembered

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23
Q

enuresis

A

a condition in which a person over the age of 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep

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24
Q

Ronnie has a dream that he is being chased by a golden goose. He is told that this reflects his anxiety about impregnating women. This analysis represents the ________ of his dream.
a) manifest control
b) latent content
c) activation synthesis
d) consolidation

A

b) latent content

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25
Q

Hap is at a workshop and falls asleep. Hap’s brain-wave pattern shows theta waves interrupted by short bursts of electrical activity. Hap is in what stage of sleep?
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 4
d) REM

A

b) stage 2

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26
Q

Which of the following statements about sleep is false?
a) sleep patterns change with age
b) everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep a night
c) some people are night owls, whereas others are early birds
d) circadian rhythms influences the sleep cycle

A

b) everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep a night

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27
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus increases the release of melatonin as it gets darker outside. This represents a __________ correlation between amount of melatonin and amount of daylight.
a) negative
b) positive
c) zero
d) perfect

A

a) negative

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28
Q

Which of the following is poor advice to give to someone who is experiencing insomnia?
a) avoid naps
b) exercise during the day
c) go to bed when you feel tired and wake up when you feel rested
d) do not watch TV in bed

A

c) go to bed when you feel tired and wake up when you feel rested

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29
Q

hyponosis

A

a state of relaxation and heightened suggestibility

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30
Q

meditation

A

a practice whereby a person focuses their attention on a singular source such as a word, bodily sensation, or object for a period of time

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31
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a practice where a person intentionally focuses and pays attention to and experiences what is going on in the moment - their emotions, thoughts, and/or sensations - without judgment

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32
Q

neodissociation theory

A

Hilgard’s proposal that hypnosis involves two simultaneous states; a hypnotic state and a hidden observer. you willingly hand over elements of consciousness

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33
Q

response set theory of hypnosis

A

asserts that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions

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34
Q

Research on hypnosis suggests that it is least helpful for which of the following?
a) relieving pain
b) decreasing anxiety
c) curing additions
d) enhancing physical performance

A

c) curing addictions

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35
Q

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is false?
a) everyone can be hypnotized
b) hypnosis can promote relaxation
c) memories recalled under hypnosis are not always accurate
d) not all psychologists agree as to whether hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

A

a) everyone can be hypnotized

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36
Q

Cecilia has been hypnotized and told that she will not feel pain in her right hand. Her right hand is then immersed in freezing cold water. According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, what part of Cecilia will report feeling pain?
a) the secret hypnotist
b) the posthypnotic suggester
c) the conscious self
d) the hidden observer

A

b) the posthypnotic suggester

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37
Q

Which of the following is the best description of mindfulness-meditation?
a) focusing your attention on everything at once
b) focusing your attention on nothing at all
c) focusing your attention on what is going on in the moment
d) focusing your attention on what you did yesterday

A

c) focusing your attention on what is going on in the moment

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38
Q

social influence

A

social pressures that serve to modify our thoughts and/or behavior

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39
Q

social cognition

A

the area of social psych that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves

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40
Q

social psych

A

the branch of psych that studies how we think and behave in social situations

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41
Q

attitudes

A

evaluative beliefs that we hold about things in our world

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42
Q

cognitive consistency

A

the idea that we stive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another

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43
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

a theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or our behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel cognitive dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state

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44
Q

persuasion

A

a type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes

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45
Q

central route to persuasion

A

a style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments; the central route requires motivation and available cognitive resources

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46
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

a style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasive arguments or generate counterarguments; the peripheral route ensues when one lacks motivation and/or available cognitive resources

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47
Q

If Mike wishes to make the best possible decision about how to vote in the upcoming presidential election, Mike should watch the presidential debates while processing on the _________.
a) central route
b) algorithmic route
c) peripheral route
d) shortest route

A

a) central route

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48
Q

A politician is attempting to persuade people to vote for them in an upcoming election. With which of the following types of arguments would you expect to have the most success in winning over a skeptical audience?
a) a short argument that lacks great detail
b) a very long and detailed argument
c) a one sided argument explaining why voters should vote for them
d) a two sided argument explaining why voters should vote for them, as well as some concern they may have about voting for them

A

b) a very long and detailed argument

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49
Q

Luca recently discovered that his favorite actress supports a radical political group that Luca despises. According to cognitive dissonance theory, what is most likely to happen in this situation?
a) Luca will begin to like the actress more
b) Luca will begin to like the actress less
c) Luca will begin to dislike the political group more
d) Luca’s attitudes toward the actress and the group will not change

A

b) Luca will begin to like the actress less

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50
Q

The hypothesis: “The effectiveness of a persuasive argument depends on the style of thinking used by audience members” is an example of a hypothesis.
a) null
b) predictive
c) causal
d) correlational

A

c) causal

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51
Q

impression formation

A

the way that we understand and make judgments about others

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52
Q

attribution

A

the act of assigning cause to behavior

53
Q

trait attribution

A

an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged

54
Q

situational attribution

A

an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristic of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs

55
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others

56
Q

individualistic cultures

A

a culture, like many Western cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments

57
Q

collectivistic cultures

A

a culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments

58
Q

actor/observer bias

A

our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves

59
Q

self-serving bias

A

our tendency to make attributions that preserve our own self esteem - for example, making trait attributions for our successes and situational attributions for our failures

60
Q

Our tendency to overuse trait attributions and to ignore the situational influences on behavior is known as the __________.
a) fundamental attribution error
b) self-serving bias
c) social desirability bias
d) actor/observer bias

A

a) fundamental attribution error

61
Q

Which of the following people would be least likely to exhibit the fundamental attribution error?
a) Henri from Canada
b) Hongyong from Korea
c) Lamont from the US
d) Greta from Germany

A

b) Hongyong from Korea

62
Q

You were quick to assume that a classmate is intelligent when you saw that they earned an A on the last psych exam. However, when you earned an A on your history test, you were not so quick to assume that you are intelligent. Which of the following biases in social cognition best explains your behavior?
a) the fundamental attribution error
b) the self-serving bias
c) the social desirability bias
d) the actor/observer bias

A

d) the actor/observer bias

63
Q

stereotype

A

a schema for a particular group of people

64
Q

prejudice

A

a largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics

65
Q

discrimination

A

the behavioral expression of prejudice

66
Q

aversive racism

A

a proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead them to discriminate against African Americans

67
Q

stereotype threat

A

a phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming bias

68
Q

in-group bias

A

our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do

69
Q

out-group homogeneity bias

A

our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike

70
Q

realistic-conflict theory

A

the theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources

71
Q

scapegoat

A

an out-group that is blamed for many of society’s problems

72
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the theory that contact between groups is an effective means of reducing prejudice between them

73
Q

superordinate goal

A

a goal that is shared by different groups

74
Q

proximity

A

physical closeness

75
Q

matching hypothesis

A

the theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own

76
Q

cohesiveness

A

the degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups

77
Q

norms

A

unwritten rules of expectations for how group members should behave

78
Q

conformity

A

behaving in accordance with group norms

79
Q

normative conformity

A

conformity that occurs when group members change their behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes

80
Q

information conformity

A

conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new belief’s and/or attitudes

81
Q

deindividuation

A

a state in which a person’s behavior becomes controlled more by external norm than by the persons own internal values and morals

82
Q

social facilitation

A

performing better on a task in the presence of others than if you were alone

83
Q

social loafing/inhibition

A

when group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone

84
Q

group think

A

a situation in which a group fixates on one decision and members blindly assume that it is the correct decision

85
Q

obedience

A

yielding to a demand

86
Q

compliance

A

yielding to a simple request

87
Q

foot-in-the-door compliance

A

increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves way for compliance with a second, larger request

88
Q

door-in-the-face compliance

A

increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request

89
Q

reciprocity

A

a strong norm that states that we should treat others as they treat us (the golden rule)

90
Q

low-balling

A

increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself

91
Q

that’s-not-all

A

increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives

92
Q

destructive obedience

A

obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others

93
Q

destructive obedience

A

obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others

94
Q

slippery slope

A

the use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey increasing demands

95
Q

psychological distance

A

the degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of their actions

96
Q

aggression

A

an action that is intended to cause harm to another person who does not want to be harmed

97
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression that is used to facilitate the attainment of a goal

98
Q

hostile aggression

A

aggression that is meant to cause harm to others

99
Q

cognitive neoassociation theory

A

proposes that cues present during an aggressive event can become associated in memory with the thoughts and emotions experienced during that event

100
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

the idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior

101
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior that helps others

102
Q

altruism

A

helping another without being motivated by self-gain

103
Q

helping behavior

A

another term for altruism

104
Q

bystander effect

A

the idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help

105
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event

106
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the idea that we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether a situation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping. we may conclude that help isn’t needed

107
Q

unitary phenomenon

A

a thing that’s monitoring input

108
Q

paralled distributing processing (PDP)

A

each module forms a node that processes things

109
Q

function of consciousness

A

organization, sense of unity, forms memories

110
Q

levels of awareness

A

William James
consciousness, unconscious, cognitive unconscious (preconscious and unconscious)

111
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

stage 1 - theta waves
stage 2 - sleep spindles. K-complexes
stage 3 - delta waves
stage 4 - delta > half the time (deep sleep)
REM - theta and beta, around the level of stage 1, paradoxical, muscle tone drops

112
Q

Functions of sleep

A

NREM and REM
restorative for the body, adenosine (chemical that builds up in the neurons making them less responsive to Ach (keeps us alert), adenosine levels drop during sleep), brain wants REM (if you get less sleep one night, you’ll spend more time in REM the next night)

113
Q

REM - dreams and dreaming

A

memory consolidation, analyzation, consolidation, wish fulfillment

114
Q

is sleep the same as unconscious

A

no, it is not. the brain is still active and processing both internal and external stimuli

115
Q

state theory

A

hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness

116
Q

schema

A

pattern. mental framework formed about a noun to organize/compartmentalize

117
Q

self concept

A

how you feel about yourself/who you are

118
Q

self schema

A

mental framework about yourself

119
Q

false consensus

A

we represent the whole

120
Q

heuristics

A

mental schema/short cut
representative; you make a judgment about superficial things (hat, button, flag, etc)
availability; bias towards importance by how quickly we can come up with an example

121
Q

group polarization

A

purer message but can lead to extremist

122
Q

intimacy

A

deep level of liking/understanding

123
Q

passion

A

physical like

124
Q

commitment

A

going to stick it out for better or for worse

125
Q

romantic love

A

intimacy and passion

126
Q

companionate love

A

intimacy and commitment

127
Q

fatuous love

A

passion and commitment

128
Q

consummate love

A

intimate, passion, and commitment

PSYCH 101 (3 decks)

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