Exam 3; Consciousness and Social Flashcards
1
Q
consciousness
A
feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware
2
Q
microsleep
A
a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity
3
Q
circadian rhythm
A
changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24-25 hour cycle
4
Q
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A
a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that signal other brain areas when to be aroused and when to shut down
5
Q
melatonin
A
a hormones in the body that facilitates sleep
6
Q
non-rem sleep
A
the relaxing state of sleep in which the person’s eyes don’t move
7
Q
REM sleep
A
the active state of sleep in which the person’s eyes move
8
Q
REM behavior disorder
A
a condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur, leading to violent movements during REM sleep
9
Q
REM rebound
A
the loss of REM sleep is recouped by spending more time in REM on subsequent nights
10
Q
Manifest content
A
according to Freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening
11
Q
Latent content
A
according to Freud, the symbolic meaning of a dream
12
Q
continuity hypothesis
A
suggests that dreaming is a way of coping with daily problems and issues
13
Q
memory theory
A
suggest that dreams are a way to consolidate information and to get rid of trivial details in our memories
14
Q
threat simulation theory (TST)
A
suggests that dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows us to repeatedly simulate potentially threatening situations so that we can rehearse our responses to these events
15
Q
activation-synthesis theory
A
suggests that dreams do not have symbolic meaning but are the by-product of the brain’s random firing of neural impulses during REM sleep
16
Q
sleep disorder
A
a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping
17
Q
insomnia
A
a sleep disorder in which a person can’t get to sleep and/or stay asleep
18
Q
narcolepsy
A
a rare sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day
19
Q
sleep apnea
A
a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep
20
Q
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
A
a neurological movement disorder occurring primarily at night in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the discomfort
21
Q
sleepwalking
A
a sleep disorder in which a person is mobile and may perform actions during non-REM slow-wave sleep
22
Q
nightmares
A
brief scary REM dreams that are often remembered
23
Q
enuresis
A
a condition in which a person over the age of 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep
24
Q
Ronnie has a dream that he is being chased by a golden goose. He is told that this reflects his anxiety about impregnating women. This analysis represents the ________ of his dream.
a) manifest control
b) latent content
c) activation synthesis
d) consolidation
A
b) latent content
25
Hap is at a workshop and falls asleep. Hap's brain-wave pattern shows theta waves interrupted by short bursts of electrical activity. Hap is in what stage of sleep?
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 4
d) REM
b) stage 2
26
Which of the following statements about sleep is false?
a) sleep patterns change with age
b) everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep a night
c) some people are night owls, whereas others are early birds
d) circadian rhythms influences the sleep cycle
b) everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep a night
27
The suprachiasmatic nucleus increases the release of melatonin as it gets darker outside. This represents a __________ correlation between amount of melatonin and amount of daylight.
a) negative
b) positive
c) zero
d) perfect
a) negative
28
Which of the following is poor advice to give to someone who is experiencing insomnia?
a) avoid naps
b) exercise during the day
c) go to bed when you feel tired and wake up when you feel rested
d) do not watch TV in bed
c) go to bed when you feel tired and wake up when you feel rested
29
hyponosis
a state of relaxation and heightened suggestibility
30
meditation
a practice whereby a person focuses their attention on a singular source such as a word, bodily sensation, or object for a period of time
31
mindfulness meditation
a practice where a person intentionally focuses and pays attention to and experiences what is going on in the moment - their emotions, thoughts, and/or sensations - without judgment
32
neodissociation theory
Hilgard's proposal that hypnosis involves two simultaneous states; a hypnotic state and a hidden observer. you willingly hand over elements of consciousness
33
response set theory of hypnosis
asserts that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions
34
Research on hypnosis suggests that it is least helpful for which of the following?
a) relieving pain
b) decreasing anxiety
c) curing additions
d) enhancing physical performance
c) curing addictions
35
Which of the following statements about hypnosis is false?
a) everyone can be hypnotized
b) hypnosis can promote relaxation
c) memories recalled under hypnosis are not always accurate
d) not all psychologists agree as to whether hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
a) everyone can be hypnotized
36
Cecilia has been hypnotized and told that she will not feel pain in her right hand. Her right hand is then immersed in freezing cold water. According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, what part of Cecilia will report feeling pain?
a) the secret hypnotist
b) the posthypnotic suggester
c) the conscious self
d) the hidden observer
b) the posthypnotic suggester
37
Which of the following is the best description of mindfulness-meditation?
a) focusing your attention on everything at once
b) focusing your attention on nothing at all
c) focusing your attention on what is going on in the moment
d) focusing your attention on what you did yesterday
c) focusing your attention on what is going on in the moment
38
social influence
social pressures that serve to modify our thoughts and/or behavior
39
social cognition
the area of social psych that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves
40
social psych
the branch of psych that studies how we think and behave in social situations
41
attitudes
evaluative beliefs that we hold about things in our world
42
cognitive consistency
the idea that we stive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another
43
cognitive dissonance theory
a theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or our behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel cognitive dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state
44
persuasion
a type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes
45
central route to persuasion
a style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments; the central route requires motivation and available cognitive resources
46
peripheral route to persuasion
a style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasive arguments or generate counterarguments; the peripheral route ensues when one lacks motivation and/or available cognitive resources
47
If Mike wishes to make the best possible decision about how to vote in the upcoming presidential election, Mike should watch the presidential debates while processing on the _________.
a) central route
b) algorithmic route
c) peripheral route
d) shortest route
a) central route
48
A politician is attempting to persuade people to vote for them in an upcoming election. With which of the following types of arguments would you expect to have the most success in winning over a skeptical audience?
a) a short argument that lacks great detail
b) a very long and detailed argument
c) a one sided argument explaining why voters should vote for them
d) a two sided argument explaining why voters should vote for them, as well as some concern they may have about voting for them
b) a very long and detailed argument
49
Luca recently discovered that his favorite actress supports a radical political group that Luca despises. According to cognitive dissonance theory, what is most likely to happen in this situation?
a) Luca will begin to like the actress more
b) Luca will begin to like the actress less
c) Luca will begin to dislike the political group more
d) Luca's attitudes toward the actress and the group will not change
b) Luca will begin to like the actress less
50
The hypothesis: "The effectiveness of a persuasive argument depends on the style of thinking used by audience members" is an example of a hypothesis.
a) null
b) predictive
c) causal
d) correlational
c) causal
51
impression formation
the way that we understand and make judgments about others
52
attribution
the act of assigning cause to behavior
53
trait attribution
an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged
54
situational attribution
an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristic of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs
55
fundamental attribution error
our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others
56
individualistic cultures
a culture, like many Western cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments
57
collectivistic cultures
a culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments
58
actor/observer bias
our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves
59
self-serving bias
our tendency to make attributions that preserve our own self esteem - for example, making trait attributions for our successes and situational attributions for our failures
60
Our tendency to overuse trait attributions and to ignore the situational influences on behavior is known as the __________.
a) fundamental attribution error
b) self-serving bias
c) social desirability bias
d) actor/observer bias
a) fundamental attribution error
61
Which of the following people would be least likely to exhibit the fundamental attribution error?
a) Henri from Canada
b) Hongyong from Korea
c) Lamont from the US
d) Greta from Germany
b) Hongyong from Korea
62
You were quick to assume that a classmate is intelligent when you saw that they earned an A on the last psych exam. However, when you earned an A on your history test, you were not so quick to assume that you are intelligent. Which of the following biases in social cognition best explains your behavior?
a) the fundamental attribution error
b) the self-serving bias
c) the social desirability bias
d) the actor/observer bias
d) the actor/observer bias
63
stereotype
a schema for a particular group of people
64
prejudice
a largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics
65
discrimination
the behavioral expression of prejudice
66
aversive racism
a proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead them to discriminate against African Americans
67
stereotype threat
a phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming bias
68
in-group bias
our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do
69
out-group homogeneity bias
our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike
70
realistic-conflict theory
the theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources
71
scapegoat
an out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems
72
contact hypothesis
the theory that contact between groups is an effective means of reducing prejudice between them
73
superordinate goal
a goal that is shared by different groups
74
proximity
physical closeness
75
matching hypothesis
the theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own
76
cohesiveness
the degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups
77
norms
unwritten rules of expectations for how group members should behave
78
conformity
behaving in accordance with group norms
79
normative conformity
conformity that occurs when group members change their behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes
80
information conformity
conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new belief's and/or attitudes
81
deindividuation
a state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norm than by the persons own internal values and morals
82
social facilitation
performing better on a task in the presence of others than if you were alone
83
social loafing/inhibition
when group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone
84
group think
a situation in which a group fixates on one decision and members blindly assume that it is the correct decision
85
obedience
yielding to a demand
86
compliance
yielding to a simple request
87
foot-in-the-door compliance
increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves way for compliance with a second, larger request
88
door-in-the-face compliance
increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request
89
reciprocity
a strong norm that states that we should treat others as they treat us (the golden rule)
90
low-balling
increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself
91
that's-not-all
increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives
92
destructive obedience
obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others
93
destructive obedience
obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others
94
slippery slope
the use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey increasing demands
95
psychological distance
the degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of their actions
96
aggression
an action that is intended to cause harm to another person who does not want to be harmed
97
instrumental aggression
aggression that is used to facilitate the attainment of a goal
98
hostile aggression
aggression that is meant to cause harm to others
99
cognitive neoassociation theory
proposes that cues present during an aggressive event can become associated in memory with the thoughts and emotions experienced during that event
100
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior
101
prosocial behavior
behavior that helps others
102
altruism
helping another without being motivated by self-gain
103
helping behavior
another term for altruism
104
bystander effect
the idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help
105
diffusion of responsibility
the idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event
106
pluralistic ignorance
the idea that we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether a situation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping. we may conclude that help isn't needed
107
unitary phenomenon
a thing that's monitoring input
108
paralled distributing processing (PDP)
each module forms a node that processes things
109
function of consciousness
organization, sense of unity, forms memories
110
levels of awareness
William James
consciousness, unconscious, cognitive unconscious (preconscious and unconscious)
111
Stages of Sleep
stage 1 - theta waves
stage 2 - sleep spindles. K-complexes
stage 3 - delta waves
stage 4 - delta > half the time (deep sleep)
REM - theta and beta, around the level of stage 1, paradoxical, muscle tone drops
112
Functions of sleep
NREM and REM
restorative for the body, adenosine (chemical that builds up in the neurons making them less responsive to Ach (keeps us alert), adenosine levels drop during sleep), brain wants REM (if you get less sleep one night, you'll spend more time in REM the next night)
113
REM - dreams and dreaming
memory consolidation, analyzation, consolidation, wish fulfillment
114
is sleep the same as unconscious
no, it is not. the brain is still active and processing both internal and external stimuli
115
state theory
hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness
116
schema
pattern. mental framework formed about a noun to organize/compartmentalize
117
self concept
how you feel about yourself/who you are
118
self schema
mental framework about yourself
119
false consensus
we represent the whole
120
heuristics
mental schema/short cut
representative; you make a judgment about superficial things (hat, button, flag, etc)
availability; bias towards importance by how quickly we can come up with an example
121
group polarization
purer message but can lead to extremist
122
intimacy
deep level of liking/understanding
123
passion
physical like
124
commitment
going to stick it out for better or for worse
125
romantic love
intimacy and passion
126
companionate love
intimacy and commitment
127
fatuous love
passion and commitment
128
consummate love
intimate, passion, and commitment
