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zoology > Exam 4: Mammals and Behaviors > Flashcards

Exam 4: Mammals and Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

Serves functions like camouflage, waterproofing, and thermal insulation.

A

Hair

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2
Q

Produce milk for nourishing offspring.

A

Mammary glands

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3
Q

specialized ear structure, frequency discrimination, echolocation. large olfactory bulb, jacaobsons organ.

A

Innovations in hearing & smell

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4
Q

Mammals have distinct teeth and jaw structures adapted to their diets.

A

Unique dentition & jaws

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5
Q

characteristic where mammals have highly evolved nervous systems and brains.

A

Large, complex brains

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6
Q

Some mammals, like manatees, have fine hairs that can detect vibrations in air or water.

A

Finer hairs as mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

Certain mammals can compress their keratinized hairs to form horns.

A

Keratinized hairs for making horns

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8
Q

the first amniotes to diversify into terrestrial habitats (having a skull with a single pair of temporal openings)

A

Synapsids

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9
Q

extinct amniotes, from the permian to triassic periods from which mammals evolved

A

Therapsids

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10
Q

The earliest herbivore synapsids.

A

Pelycosaurs

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11
Q

mammal like carnivorous synapsids of the upper permian and triassic periods

A

Cynodonts

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12
Q

A geological epoch characterized by the reign of megafauna, which disappeared following the Ice Age.

A

The Pleistocene

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13
Q

Mammals have thicker integument composed of thin epidermis and protective hair.

A

Mammal Integument

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14
Q

hair that primary function is insulation, typically dense and soft

A

underhairs

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15
Q

used for pigmentation, waterproofing, and general wear and tear, coarse and long

A

guard hairs

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16
Q

Whiskers that provide tactile sensitivity for nocturnal and burrowing mammals.

A

Vibrissae

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17
Q

white fur of arctic mammals in winter

A

Leukemism

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18
Q

keratinized epidermis that don’t shed

A

Horns

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19
Q

calcified hallow bone that sheds; velvet covers as they grow and removed when growth is complete

A

antlers

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20
Q

eccrine and apocrine

A

types of sweat glands

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21
Q

secrete watery fluid for evaporative cooling, ex: foot pads of most mammals

A

eccrine glands

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22
Q

secrete milky/yellowish fluid, forms film on skin. ex: reproduction

A

apocrine glands

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23
Q

glands secrete oily substance called sebum for lubrication and pliability of skin and hair.

A

Sebaceous glands

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24
Q

waterproofing and consitioning, maintaining quality of fur, prevents them from wasting energy to retain hair

A

benefits of sebum

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25
Q

glands that allow for communication within species as warning, territory, or signaling

A

scent glands

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26
Q

elongated digestive tracts with enlarged cecum

A

digestive system of herbivores

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27
Q

Short small intestine and colon, small cecum

A

digestive system of carnivores

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28
Q

Mammals have a plethora of feeding strategies, from opportunistic to highly specialized.

A

Feeding strategies in mammals

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29
Q

eating fecal pellets to give food 2nd pass through their gut to extract additional nutrients

A

Coprophagy

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30
Q

Mammals have different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, adapted for various functions.

A

Mammalian Orthodontics

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31
Q

simple crown and sharp edges used for snipping

A

incisors

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32
Q

long, conical crowns, for piercing

A

canines

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33
Q

compressed crowns and one or more cusps, for shearing, crushign, or grinding

A

premolars and molars

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34
Q

teeth differentiated for exapnsive diet

A

heterodont

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35
Q

two sets of teeth, one deciduous and one permanent

A

diphyodont

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36
Q

teeth are constantly replaced

A

polyphyodonty

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37
Q

large canines, premolars and molars are bladelike and used like shears to cut muscle and tendons

A

Carnivore dentition

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38
Q

versatile dentition, broad round molars

A

omnivore dentition

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39
Q

absent or reduced canines; broad, ridges, high crowned molars and premolars

A

Herbivore dentition

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40
Q

The relationship between body weight and consumption prioritizes exposed surface area rather than weight. smaller animals have higher metabolic rates

A

Size Matters

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41
Q

Mammals will move for food, with terrestrial movement being more energetically expensive than flying or swimming.

A

Migration

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42
Q

Wildebeest, caribou, sperm whale, african elephant

A

Examples of migratory animals

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43
Q

collecting and redistributing nutrients, fertilizing landscaprs, displacement of resources

A

purpose of migration

44
Q

Mammals exhibit cooperative feeding and hunting behaviors, such as bubble and mud nets.

A

Feeding Frenzies and Hunting Prowess

45
Q

Bats, the true flying mammals, are not blind and have adapted ear and nose morphologies.

A

Chiroptera

46
Q

egg-laying monotremes, monoestrous, oviparous

A

Prototherians

47
Q

marsupials, typically pouches, polyestrous, viviparous

A

metatherians

48
Q

placentals, prolonged gestation and lactation

A

eutherians

49
Q

hormonally induced pause in development of fertilized egg until environment is desireable

A

embryonic diapause

50
Q

born well furred, open eyes, able to run

A

precocial young

51
Q

born blind, naked, helpess

A

altrical young

52
Q

The process of taming and breeding animals for human use, such as dogs and cats.

A

Domestication

53
Q

Certain mammals can be pests, causing damage to food stores and spreading diseases.

A

Nuisance Mammals

54
Q

Some mammals have adaptations for aquatic life, such as breath control and dermal ridges.

A

Aquatic Ape theories

55
Q

uncontested acces to a foraging area, enhanced attractiveness to females, reduced disease transmission, reduced vulnerability to predators

A

territory benefits

56
Q

total area that a mammal transverses in its activites

A

home range

57
Q

animals with one cycle per year (foxes, dogs, bats)

A

monoestrous

58
Q

having more than one estrous cycle per year (mice, squirrels, and rabbits)

A

Polyestrous

59
Q

ultrasonic pulses through mouths or noses, used for hunting and social communication, high frequency, less energy

A

ecolocation in bats

60
Q

sonar clicks through phonic lips near blowholes, low frquency, used for hunting and navigation, requires more energy

A

echolocation in whales

61
Q

Expands from selfish needs, redistributes nutrients, introduces microorganisms, creates increase in water sources

A

Benefits of wallowing

62
Q

The study of animal behavior in natural habitat, identifies and measures behavioral traits, investigates evolutionary histories

A

Ethology

63
Q

Behaviors change based on species present or absent in different environments, evolutionary and environmental contexts

A

Behavioral ecology

64
Q

Ethological study of social behavior in humans or other animals.

A

sociobiology

65
Q

it includes complex human properties like racism, sexism, religion, etc

A

why not sociology?

66
Q

Subjective, immediate response excluding historical information, acute physiological response

A

Proximate causation

67
Q

Objective, root cause, evolutionary response, bigger picture

A

Ultimate causation

68
Q

any activity related to fighting, whether it be aggression, defense, submission, or retreat

A

Agonistic behavior

69
Q

Pattern mostly invariable in its performance, performed in orderly, predictable sequence

A

Stereotypical behavior

70
Q

Simple stimulus in the environment that triggers a certain innate behavior

A

Releaser

71
Q

Entity (sound, shape, color) that triggers a stereotypical behavior pattern

A

Sign stimulus

72
Q

Correlated behaviors reflecting between-individual consistency in behavior across multiple situations

A

Behavioral syndrome

73
Q

Inherited, pre-programmed behavior, instinctive

A

Innate behaviors

74
Q

Correlation between genes and function, programmed circadian rhythms, fixed action patterns, reflexes

A

Genetic correlation

75
Q

Habituation, sensitization, operant behavior

A

Learned behaviors

76
Q

homosygous recessive alleles allow them to uncap and remove sick dead larvae (usually female worker bees)

A

hygenic bee

77
Q

Desensitization, diminished sensitivity to a stimulus

A

Habituation

78
Q

Restoring a certain behavior through punishment or reward system

A

Sensitization

79
Q

Behavior controlled by consequences, classical conditioning

A

Operant behavior

80
Q

Defending a fixed area by excluding intruders of the same or other species

A

Territoriality

81
Q

Learned recognition of scents for territorial marking

A

Scent recognition

82
Q

Communication through physical touch

A

Tactile stimulation

83
Q

Communication through sounds

A

Vocalizations

84
Q

True life partnership between mates

A

Monogamy

85
Q

Having multiple mates (ex: dogs, red-winged blackbird)

A

Polygamy

86
Q

One male with many females (ex: african elephant seals)

A

Polygyny

87
Q

One female with many males (ex: galapagos hawk, spotted sandpiper)

A

Polyandry

88
Q

males gain access to females indirectly by holding critical resources (owning territory with desirable climate and free of predators, more prey)(Ex:sage grouse)

A

resource defense polygyny

89
Q

females cluster and are defendable (females occupy land, males can defend and mate with them relatively easily, harem)(ex: elephant seal)

A

female defense polygyny

90
Q

females select mates from clusters of males competing for an opportunity to mate (lek→ communal display ground for males to attract females)(ex: gorillas)

A

male dominant polygyny

91
Q

Assisting the survival and reproduction of other individuals who possess the same genes by common descent

A

Altruistic behavior

92
Q

Assisting individuals who share common genes, representation in future generations (parental care and sibling cooperation)

A

Kin selection

93
Q

Relative number of an individual’s alleles passed to future generations through reproductive success

A

Inclusive fitness

94
Q

Performing behaviors to benefit other members of the population, possibly at its own expense (bats sharing blood)

A

Reciprocal altruism

95
Q

Reproductive division of labor among members of a species, overlapping generations, nonreproductive individuals help raise younger relatives

A

Eusociality

96
Q

an individual adjusts its actions to the presence of others to increase its own reproductive success

A

Coordinated behavior

97
Q

an individual performs activities that benefit others because such behavior ultimately benefits that individual’s genetic contributions to future generations (includes cooperative foraging and breeding behaviors)

A

cooperative behavior

98
Q

offensive physical action, or threat, to force others to abandon something they own or might attain

A

aggressive behavior

99
Q

Behaviors a less-dominant animal exhibits toward a more-dominant animal to prevent being subjected to aggression. (crouching, tucking tail, laying on back, avoiding eye contact)

A

submissive behavior

100
Q

A species-typical behavior by which an animal defends itself against the threat of another animal (porcupine turning is back and present quills)

A

defensive behavior

101
Q

animal avoiding confrontation (bird leaving in presence of more dominate robin)

A

dismissive/retreat behavior

102
Q

mutual understood meaning to establish a dominance hierarchy with the population within a species

A

ritual threat display

103
Q

inflicting a stable behavior in a young animal by exposure to a particular stimuli during a critical period in the anima’s development (geese following the first large object they see once being able to walk)

A

imprinting

104
Q

migration and navigation, social learning

A

pros of imprinting

105
Q

irreversibility, limited learning, vulnerability to manipulation

A

cons of imprinting

zoology (3 decks)

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